- Dīgha Nikāya
- Mahāvagga
- Mahāpadāna Sutta
14. Khotbah Panjang Tentang Silsilah
Demikianlah Yang Kudengar. Pada suatu ketika Sang Bhagavā sedang menetap di Sāvatthi, di taman Anāthapiṇḍika di hutan Jeta, dalam kawasan gubuk Kareri. Dan di antara sejumlah bhikkhu yang berkumpul di sana setelah makan, setelah menerima makanan, duduk di paviliun Kareri, terjadi suatu diskusi serius tentang kehidupan lampau, mereka berkata: ‘Beginilah terjadinya di masa lampau’, atau ‘Begitulah terjadinya di masa lampau.’
Dan Sang Bhagavā, dengan indria telinga dewa yang melampaui kekuatan manusia, mendengar apa yang sedang mereka bicarakan. Setelah bangkit dari dudukNya, Beliau datang ke paviliun Kareri, duduk di tempat yang telah disediakan, dan berkata: ‘Para bhikkhu, apakah pembicaraan kalian ketika kalian berkumpul? Diskusi apakah yang terhenti karenaKu?’ Dan mereka menceritakan kepada Beliau.
‘Baiklah, para bhikkhu, apakah kalian mau mendengarkan ceramah mengenai kehidupan lampau?’ ‘Bhagavā, sekarang adalah waktunya untuk itu! Yang Sempurna menempuh Sang Jalan, sekarang adalah waktunya untuk itu! Jika Bhagavā membabarkan khotbah tentang kehidupan lampau, para bhikkhu akan mendengarkan dan mengingatnya!’ ‘Baiklah, para bhikkhu, dengarkanlah, perhatikanlah dengan baik, dan Aku akan berbicara.’
‘Baik, Bhagavā’, para bhikkhu menjawab, dan Sang Bhagavā berkata:
‘Para bhikkhu, sembilan puluh satu kappa yang lalu, Sang Bhagavā, Sang Arahant, Buddha Vipassī yang telah mencapai penerangan sempurna muncul di dunia. Tiga puluh satu kappa yang lalu, Buddha Sikhī muncul; pada kappa yang sama muncul Buddha Vessabhū, dan dalam kappa yang menguntungkan saat ini para Buddha Kakusandha, Konāgamana dan Kassapa muncul di dunia. Dan, para bhikkhu, dalam kappa yang menguntungkan ini, Aku juga muncul di dunia ini sebagai seorang Buddha yang mencapai penerangan sempurna.
‘Buddha Vipassī terlahir dari kasta Khattiya, dan dibesarkan dalam keluarga Khattiya; Buddha Sikhi juga demikian; Buddha Vessabhū juga demikian; Buddha Kakusandha terlahir dari Kasta Brahmana, dan dibesarkan dalam keluarga Brahmana; Buddha Konāgamana juga demikian; Buddha Kassapa juga demikian;dan Aku, para bhikkhu, yang adalah seorang Arahant dan Buddha yang mencapai penerangan empurna, terlahir dari kasta Khattiya, dan dibesarkan dalam keluarga Khattiya.
‘Buddha Vipassī berasal dari marga Kondañña; Buddha Sikhī juga demikian; Buddha Vesabhū juga demikian; Buddha Kakusandha berasal dari marga Kassapa; Buddha Konāgamana juga demikian; Buddha Kassapa juga demikian; Aku yang sekarang adalah seorang Arahant dan Buddha yang mencapai penerangan sempurna, berasal dari marga Gotama.
‘Pada masa Buddha Vipassī, umur kehidupan manusia adalah delapan puluh ribu tahun; pada masa Buddha Sikhī, tujuh puluh ribu; pada masa Buddha Vessabhū, enam puluh ribu; pada masa Buddha Kakusandha, empat puluh ribu; pada masa Buddha Konāgamana, tiga puluh ribu; pada masa Buddha Kassapa, dua puluh ribu. Pada masaKu, umur kehidupan sangat singkat, terbatas, dan cepat dilalui; jarang sekali bagi siapapun yang hidup sampai seratus tahun.
‘Buddha Vipassī mencapai penerangan sempurna di bawah pohon bunga-trompet; Buddha Sikhī di bawah pohon-mangga-putih; Buddha Vessabhū di bawah pohon–sāl; Buddha Kakusandha di bawah pohon-akasia; Buddha Konāgamana di bawah pohon banyan; dan Aku mencapai Penerangan Sempurna di bawah pohon-assattha.
‘Buddha Vipassī memiliki sepasang siswa-utama Khaṇḍa dan Tissa; Buddha Sikhī memiliki Abhibhū dan Sambhava; Buddha Vessabhū memiliki Soṇa dan Uttara; Buddha Kakusandha memiliki Vidhūra dan Sañjīva; Buddha Konāgamana memiliki Bhiyyosa dan Uttara; Buddha Kassapa memiliki Tisa dan Bhāradvāja; Aku sendiri sekarang memiliki sepasang siswa-utama Sāriputta dan Moggallāna.
‘Buddha Vipassī memiliki tiga kelompok siswa: satu terdiri dari enam juta delapan ratus ribu, satu terdiri dari seratus ribu dan satu terdiri dari delapan puluh ribu bhikkhu, dan dari ketiga kelompok ini semuanya adalah Arahant; Buddha Sikhī memiliki tiga kelompok siswa: satu terdiri dari seratus ribu, satu terdiri dari delapan puluh ribu, dan satu terdiri dari tujuh puluh ribu bhikkhu—semuanya Arahant; Buddha Vessabhū memiliki tiga kelompok: satu terdiri dari delapan puluh ribu, satu terdiri dari tujuh puluh ribu, dan satu terdiri dari enam puluh ribu bhikkhu—semuanya Arahant; Buddha Kakusandha memiliki satu kelompok: empat puluh ribu bhikkhu—semuanya Arahant; Buddha Konāgamana memiliki satu kelompok: tiga puluh ribu bhikkhu—semuanya Arahant; Buddha Kassapa memiliki satu kelompok: dua puluh ribu bhikkhu—semuanya Arahant; Aku, para bhikkhu, memiliki satu kelompok, seribu dua ratus lima puluh bhikkhu, dan satu kelompok ini hanya terdiri dari para Arahant saja.
‘Pelayan pribadi Buddha Vipassī adalah bhikkhu Asoka; Buddha Sikhī adalah Khemankara; Buddha Vessabhū adalah Upasannaka; Buddha Kakusandha adalah Vuḍḍhija; Buddha Konāgamana adalah Sotthija; Buddha Kassapa adalah Sabbamitta; pelayan pribadiKu saat ini adalah Ānanda.
‘Ayah dari Buddha Vipassī adalah Raja Bandhumā, ibuNya adalah Ratu Bandhumatī, dan ibukota kerajaan Raja Bandhuma adalah Bandhumatī. Ayah dari Buddha Sikhī adalah Raja Aruṇa, ibuNya adalah Ratu Pabhāvati; ibukota kerajaan Raja Aruṇa adalah Aruṇavatī. Ayah dari Buddha Vessabhū adalah Raja Suppatīta, ibuNya adalah Ratu Yasavatī, ibukota kerajaan Raja Suppatīta adalah Anopama. Ayah dari Buddha Kakusandha adalah Brahmana Aggidatta, ibuNya adalah Brahmana perempuan Visākhā. Raja pada masa itu adalah Khema; ibukota kerajaannya adalah Khemavatī. Ayah dari Buddha Konāgamana adalah Brahmana Yaññadatta, ibuNya adalah Brahmana perempuan Uttarā. Raja pada masa itu adalah Sobha; ibukota kerajaannya adalah Sobhavatī. Ayah dari Buddha Kassapa adalah Brahmana Brahmadatta, ibuNya adalah Brahmana perempuan Dhanavatī. Raja pada masa itu adalah Kikī; ibu kota kerajaannya adalah Vārāṇasī. Dan sekarang, para bhikkhu, ayahKu adalah Raja Suddhodana, ibuKu adalah Ratu Māyā, dan ibukota kerajaan adalah Kapilavatthu.’
Demikianlah Sang Bhagavā berkata, dan Yang sempurna menempuh Sang Jalan kemudian bangkit dari dudukNya dan pergi memasuki kediamanNya.
Segera setelah Sang Bhagavā meninggalkan tempat itu, terjadi diskusi lagi di antara para bhikkhu: ‘Sungguh menakjubkan, teman-teman, sungguh luar biasa, kekuatan dan kemampuan Sang Tathāgata—bagaimana Beliau mengingat para Buddha masa lampau yang telah mencapai Parinibbāna, setelah memotong rintangan-rintangan, memotong jalan [kemelekatan], mengakhiri lingkaran penjelmaan, mengatasi semua penderitaan. Beliau mengingat kelahiran Mereka, nama Mereka, suku Mereka, umur kehidupan Mereka, para siswa dan kelompok yang berhubungan dengan Mereka: “Terlahir demikian, para Bahagavā ini adalah begini dan begitu, nama Mereka adalah ini dan itu, suku Mereka, disiplin Mereka, Dhamma Mereka, kebijaksanaan Mereka, pembebasan Mereka.” Teman-teman, bagaimanakah Tathāgata dengan pengetahuan penembusan mengingat semua ini …? Apakah para dewa mengungkapkan pengetahuan ini kepada Beliau?’ Demikianlah pembicaraan para bhikkhu yang kemudian terhenti.
Kemudian Sang Bhagavā, keluar dari pengasinganNya selama waktu istirahat, mendatangi paviliun Kareri dan duduk di tempat yang telah disediakan. Beliau berkata: ‘Para bhikkhu, apakah pembicaraan kalian ketika kalian berkumpul? Diskusi apakah yang terhenti karenaKu?’ Dan mereka menceritakan kepada Beliau.
‘Tathāgata memahami hal-hal ini … melalui penembusan prinsip Dhamma; dan para dewa, juga, telah memberitahukan kepadaNya. Baiklah, para bhikkhu, apakah kalian ingin mendengar lagi mengenai kehidupan lampau?’ ‘Bhagavā, sekarang adalah waktunya untuk itu! Yang Sempurna menempuh Sang Jalan, sekarang adalah waktunya untuk itu! Jika Sang Bhagavā membabarkan khotbah tentang kehidupan lampau, para bhikkhu akan mendengarkan dan mengingatnya!’ ‘Baiklah, para bhikkhu, dengarkan, perhatikanlah dengan baik, dan Aku akan berbicara.’ ‘Baik, Bhagavā’, para bhikkhu menjawab, dan Sang Bhagavā berkata:
‘Para bhikkhu, sembilan puluh satu kappa yang lalu, Sang Bhagavā, Sang Arahant, Buddha Vipassī yang telah mencapai penerangan sempurna muncul di dunia ini. Beliau terlahir dari kasta Khattiya, dan dibesarkan dalam keluarga Khattiya. Beliau berasal dari suku Koṇḍañña. Umur kehidupanNya adalah delapan puluh ribu tahun. Beliau mencapai penerangan sempurna di bawah pohon bunga-trompet. Ia memiliki sepasang siswa utama Khaṇḍa dan Tissa. Beliau memiliki tiga kelompok siswa: satu terdiri dari enam juta delapan ratus ribu, satu terdiri dari seratus ribu, dan satu terdiri dari delapan puluh ribu bhikkhu, semuanya Arahant. Pelayan pribadiNya adalah Bhikkhu Asoka. AyahNya adalah Raja Bandhumā, ibuNya adalah Ratu Bandhumatī. Ibukota kerajaannya adalah Bandhumatī.
Dan demikianlah, para bhikkhu, Bodhisatta Vipassī turun dari alam surga Tusita, dengan penuh perhatian dan kesadaran jernih, masuk ke dalam rahim ibuNya. Ini, para bhikkhu, adalah dhammatā.
‘Ini adalah dhammatā, para bhikkhu, bahwa ketika seorang Bodhisatta turun dari surga Tusita dan masuk ke dalam rahim ibuNya, muncullah di dunia ini dengan para dewa, māra dan Brahmā, para pertapa dan Brahmana, para Raja dan umat manusia, suatu cahaya terang tidak terukur, megah melampaui kecemerlangan para dewa yang paling luhur. Dan tempat gelap manapun yang terletak melampaui ujung dunia, kacau-balau, buta dan hitam, bahkan tidak terjangkau oleh cahaya matahari dan bulan, juga diterangi oleh cahaya megah tidak tertandingi ini yang melampaui kecemerlangan para dewa yang paling luhur. Dan makhluk-makhluk yang terlahir di sana saling mengenali satu sama lain dan mengetahui: “Makhluk-makhluk lain, juga, telah terlahir di sini!” dan sepuluh ribu alam semesta gempa dan berguncang dan bergetar. Dan cahaya tidak tertandingi ini bersinar. Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa sejak seorang Bodhisatta telah memasuki rahim ibuNya, empat dewa datang untuk melindungiNya di empat penjuru, mengatakan: “Tidak ada seorangpun, manusia atau bukan manusia, tidak ada apapun yang boleh mencelakai Bodhisatta ini atau ibu Sang Bodhisatta!” Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa sejak seorang Bodhisatta telah memasuki rahim ibuNya, ibuNya akan, secara alami menjadi lebih berbudi, menghindari pembunuhan, dari mengambil apa yang tidak diberikan, dari melakukan hubungan seksual yang salah, dari berbohong, atau dari meminum minuman keras dan obat-obatan yang dapat melemahkan kesadaran. Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa sejak seorang Bodhisatta telah memasuki rahim ibuNya, sang ibu tidak memiliki pikiran indriawi sehubungan dengan laki-laki, dan ia tidak dapat dikuasai oleh laki-laki manapun yang berpikiran penuh nafsu. Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa sejak seorang Bodhisatta telah memasuki rahim ibuNya, sang ibu menikmati lima kenikmatan indria dan bergembira, karena memilikinya. Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa sejak seorang Bodhisatta telah memasuki rahim ibuNya, sang ibu tidak akan mengalami penyakit apapun, ia selalu merasa nyaman dan tidak merasakan keletihan pada tubuhnya, dan ia dapat melihat Sang Bodhisatta di dalam rahimnya, lengkap dengan seluruh anggota tubuh dan indria-nya. Para bhikkhu, ini seperti sebutir permata, sebutir beryl, murni, indah, dipotong dengan baik dalam delapan sisi, jernih, cemerlang, tanpa cacat dan sempurna dalam segala sisi, diikat dengan rantai biru, kuning, merah, putih atau jingga. Dan seseorang yang berpandangan baik, memegangnya di tangannya akan dapat menjelaskannya demikian. Demikianlah ibu sang Bodhisatta, tanpa penyakit, melihat Beliau, lengkap dengan seluruh anggota tubuh dan indria-nya. Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa ibu sang Bodhisatta akan meninggal dunia tujuh hari setelah melahirkan Sang Bodhisatta dan terlahir kembali di alam surga Tusita. Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa sementara perempuan lain mengandung anaknya selama sembilan atau sepuluh bulan dalam kandungan sebelum melahirkan, namun tidak demikian dengan ibu seorang Bodhisatta, yang mengandung Beliau selama tepat sepuluh bulan. Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa sementara perempuan lain melahirkan dalam posisi duduk atau berbaring, tidak demikian dengan ibu seorang Bodhisatta, yang melahirkan dalam posisi berdiri. Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa ketika sang Bodhisatta keluar dari rahim ibunya, para dewa adalah yang pertama menyambutNya, dan kemudian manusia. Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa ketika sang Bodhisatta keluar dari rahim ibuNya, kakiNya tidak menginjak tanah. Empat dewa menerimaNya dan meletakkannya di depan ibuNya, berkata: “Gembiralah, Yang Mulia, seorang putra yang berkuasa telah engkau lahirkan!” Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa ketika sang Bodhisatta keluar dari rahim ibuNya, ia keluar tanpa noda, tidak dikotori oleh air, lendir, darah atau kotoran apapun, murni dan tanpa noda. Bagaikan sebuah permata yang diletakkan di atas sehelai kain tipis dari Kāsi, permata itu tidak mengotori kain, atau kain itu mengotori permata. Mengapa tidak? Karena kemurnian keduanya. Demikian pula Sang Bodhisatta keluar tanpa noda … Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa ketika sang Bodhisatta keluar dari rahim ibuNya, dua pancuran air muncul dari angkasa, yang satu dingin dan yang lainnya hangat, yang kemudian memandikan Sang Bodhisatta dan ibuNya. Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa segera setelah lahir, Sang Bodhisatta berdiri tegak menghadap ke utara, kemudian berjalan tujuh langkah, di bawah payung putih, Ia menatap ke empat penjuru kemudian menyatakan dengan suara menyerupai banteng: “Aku adalah pemimpin dunia, yang tertinggi di dunia, yang tertua di dunia. Ini adalah kelahiranKu yang terakhir, tidak ada penjelmaan lagi bagiKu.” Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Adalah dhammatābahwa ketika Sang Bodhisatta keluar dari rahim ibunya, di dunia ini muncul … cahaya terang yang tidak terukur … (seperti paragraf 17). Ini adalah dhammatā.
‘Para bhikkhu, ketika Pangeran Vipassī lahir, mereka memperlihatkanNya kepada Raja Bandhumā dan berkata: “Baginda, putramu telah lahir. Silahkan, baginda melihatNya.” Raja melihat putranya dan berkata kepada para Brahmana yang mahir dalam melihat tanda-tanda: “Kalian, tuan-tuan, ahli dalam hal tanda-tanda, periksalah Sang Pangeran.” Para Brahmana memeriksa Sang Pangeran, dan berkata kepada Raja Bandhumā: “Baginda, gembiralah, seorang putera yang perkasa telah lahir. Ini adalah keuntungan bagimu, Baginda, ini adalah keuntungan besar bagimu, Baginda, bahwa putra seperti ini telah lahir dalam keluargamu. Baginda, Pangeran ini memiliki tiga puluh dua tanda Manusia Luar Biasa. Orang yang memiliki tanda-tanda ini hanya memiliki dua kemungkinan. Jika ia menjalani kehidupan rumah tangga, ia akan menjadi raja penguasa, Raja pemutar roda hukum kebajikan, penakluk empat penjuru, yang menegakkan keamanan negerinya dan memiliki tujuh pusaka. Yaitu: Pusaka Roda, Pusaka Gajah, Pusaka Kuda, Pusaka Permata, Pusaka Perempuan, Pusaka Perumah-tangga, dan ke tujuh, Pusaka Penasihat. Ia memiliki lebih dari seribu putra yang adalah pahlawan-pahlawan, bersosok kuat, penakluk bala tentara musuh. Ia berdiam setelah menaklukkan tanah yang dikelilingi oleh lautan tanpa menggunakan tongkat atau pedang, melainkan dengan hukum. Tetapi jika Ia meninggalkan kehidupan rumah tangga menuju kehidupan tanpa rumah, maka Ia akan menjadi seorang Arahant, seorang Buddha yang mencapai penerangan sempurna, seorang yang menarik selubung dunia.”
‘“Dan apakah, Baginda, tiga puluh dua tanda …? (1) Beliau memiliki telapak kaki yang rata. (2) Di telapak kakiNya terdapat gambar roda-roda dengan seribu jeruji. (3) TumitNya menonjol. (4) Memiliki jari-jemari tangan dan kaki yang panjang. (5) Memiliki tangan dan kaki yang lunak dan lembut. (6) Tangan dan kakiNya menyerupai jaring. (7) Pergelangan kakiNya agak lebih tinggi. (8) KakiNya menyerupai kaki antelop. (9) Berdiri tanpa membungkuk Beliau dapat menyentuh lututNya dengan tanganNya. (10) Alat kelaminNya terselubung selaput. (11) KulitNya cerah, berwarna keemasan. (12) KulitNya sangat halus dan licin sehingga tidak ada debu yang menempel. (13) Bulu-bulu badanNya terpisah, satu untuk masing-masing pori-pori. (14) Bulu-bulu badanNya tumbuh ke atas, hitam kebiruan bagaikan collyrium, tumbuh bergelung ke arah kanan. (15) TubuhNya tegak. (16) Memiliki tujuh bagian yang menggembung. (17) Bagian depan tubuhNya bagaikan bagian depan tubuh singa. (18) Tidak ada cekungan antara bahu-bahunya. (19) TubuhNya proporsional bagaikan pohon banyan: tinggiNya sama dengan panjang rentangan kedua lenganNya. (20) DadaNya bundar. (21) Memiliki indria pengecap yang sempurna. (22) RahangNya seperti rahang singa. (23) memiliki empat puluh gigi. (24) GigiNya rata. (25) Tidak ada celah antara gigiNya. (26) Gigi taringNya putih cemerlang. (27) LidahNya sangat panjang. (28) Memiliki suara menyerupai Brahmā, seperti suara burung karavīka. (29) MataNya biru dalam. (30) Bulu mataNya menyerupai alis mata sapi. (31) rambut di antara alis mataNya berwarna putih dan lembut seperti kapas. (32) KepalaNya menyerupai turban kerajaan.”
“Baginda, Pangeran ini memiliki tiga puluh dua tanda Manusia Luar Biasa. BagiNya, hanya ada dua kemungkinan. Jika Ia menjalani kehidupan rumah tangga, Ia akan menjadi raja penguasa, Raja Pemutar-Roda hukum kebajikan … Tetapi jika Ia meninggalkan kehidupan rumah tangga dan menjalani kehidupan tanpa rumah, maka ia akan menjadi seorang Arahant, seorang Buddha yang mencapai penerangan sempurna, yang menarik selubung dunia.”
‘Kemudian Raja Bandhumā, setelah mempersembahkan pakaian-pakaian baru kepada para Brahmana itu, puas atas ramalan mereka.
‘Dan Raja Bandhumā memilih para pengasuh untuk Pangeran Vipassī. Beberapa menyusuinya, beberapa memandikannya, beberapa menggendongnya, beberapa bermain dengannya. Sebuah payung putih memayunginya siang dan malam, agar ia tidak menderita karena dingin atau panas atau rumput atau debu. Dan Pangeran Vipassī sangat disayangi oleh semua orang. Seperti halnya semua orang menyenangi bunga teratai biru, kuning atau putih, demikian pula semua orang menyayangi Pangeran Vipassī. Demikianlah ia digendong dari satu pangkuan ke pangkuan lainnya.
‘Dan Pangeran Vipassī memiliki suara yang merdu, suara yang indah, menarik dan menyenangkan. Seperti halnya di pengunungan Himālaya terdapat burung karavīkayang memiliki suara yang lebih merdu, lebih indah, menarik dan menyenangkan dari pada semua burung lainnya, demikian pula suara Pangeran Vipassī adalah yang paling merdu.
‘Dan berkat kamma masa lampaunya, Pangeran Vippasī memiliki mata-dewa, sehingga ia dapat melihat hingga sejauh satu liga siang maupun malam.
‘Dan Pangeran Vipassī yang memiliki pandangan mata yang sangat tajam, seperti Tiga Puluh Tiga Dewa. Dan karena pandangan mataNya yang sangat tajam maka Ia disebut “Vipassī”. Ketika Raja Bandhumā sedang memimpin suatu sidang pengadilan, ia memangku Pangeran di atas lututnya dan menginstruksikan kepadanya dalam kasus itu. Kemudian setelah menurunkannya dari lututnya, sang ayah mampu menjelaskan permasalahan-permasalahan dengan teliti. Dan karena alasan itu Ia semakin dikenal dengan Vipassī.
‘Kemudian Raja Bandhumā membangun tiga istana untuk Pangeran Vipassī, satu untuk musim hujan, satu untuk musim dingin, dan satu untuk musim panas, untuk memenuhi lima kenikmatan-indria. Pangeran Vipassī menetap di istana musim hujan selama empat bulan musim hujan, tanpa pelayan laki-laki, dikelilingi oleh para musisi perempuan, dan Ia tidak pernah meninggalkan istana tersebut.’
Akhir dari bagian pembacaan pertama
‘Kemudian, para bhikkhu, setelah banyak tahun berlalu, beberapa ratus dan beberapa ribu tahun berlalu, Pangeran Vipassī berkata kepada kusirNya: “Siapkan kereta-kereta yang indah, kusir! Kita akan pergi ke taman rekreasi untuk memeriksanya.” KusirNya melakukan apa yang diperintahkan, kemudian melaporkan kepada Sang Pangeran: “Tuanku, kereta-kereta indah telah siap, sekarang waktunya untuk melakukan apa yang engkau inginkan.” Dan Pangeran naik ke salah satu kereta dan berangkat beriringan ke taman-rekreasi.
‘Dan ketika sedang berada dalam perjalanan menuju taman-rekreasi, Pangeran Vipassī melihat seorang tua, bungkuk bagaikan balok atap, usang, bersandar pada sebatang tongkat, berjalan terhuyung-huyung, sakit, seluruh kemudaannya lenyap. Melihat pemandangan itu, Ia berkata kepada sang kusir: “Kusir, ada apa dengan orang itu? Rambutnya tidak seperti rambut orang lain, badannya tidak seperti badan orang lain.”
“Pangeran, itu adalah apa yang disebut sebagai orang tua.” “Tetapi mengapa ia disebut orang tua?”
“Ia disebut tua, Pangeran, karena ia hidup dalam waktu yang tidak lama lagi.”
“Tetapi apakah Aku akan menjadi tua, dan tidak terbebas dari usia tua?” “Engkau dan aku, Pangeran, pasti menjadi tua, dan tidak terbebas dari usia tua.”
“Baiklah, kusir, taman-rekreasi sudah cukup untuk hari ini. Kembalilah ke istana.” “Baik, Pangeran”, sang kusir berkata, dan membawa Pangeran Vipassī kembali ke istana. Sesampainya di istana, Pangeran Vipassī merasa sedih dan patah hati, ia meratap: “Sungguh menyakitkan kelahiran ini, karena bagi mereka yang dilahirkan, penuaan pasti terjadi!”
‘Kemudian Raja Bandhumā memanggil sang kusir dan berkata: “Tidakkah Pangeran bersenang-senang di taman-rekreasi? Tidakkah ia merasa gembira di sana?” “Baginda, Pangeran tidak bersenang-senang, ia tidak gembira di sana.” “Apa yang Ia lihat dalam perjalanan ke sana?” maka sang kusir menceritakan semua yang terjadi.
‘Kemudian Raja Bandhumā berpikir: “Pangeran Vipassi tidak boleh meninggalkan takhta, Ia tidak boleh meninggalkan kehidupan rumah tangga dan menjalani kehidupan tanpa rumah—kata-kata para Brahmana yang terpelajar dalam tanda-tanda tidak boleh terjadi!” Maka Raja memberikan lebih banyak lagi lima kenikmatan-indria kepada Pangeran Vipassī, agar Ia kelak memerintah kerajaan dan tidak meninggalkan kehidupan rumah tangga dan menjalani kehidupan tanpa rumah … Demikianlah Pangeran melanjutkan kehidupannya dalam kenikmatan duniawi, dan ketagihan pada lima kenikmatan-indria.
‘Setelah beberapa ratus dan beberapa ribu tahun berlalu Pangeran Vipassī memerintahkan kusirNya untuk membawaNya ke taman-rekreasi (seperti paragarf 2.1)
‘Dan ketika ia sedang berada dalam perjalanan menuju taman-rekreasi, Pangeran Vipassī melihat seorang sakit, menderita, sangat sakit, terjatuh di atas air kencing dan kotorannya sendiri, dan beberapa orang mengangkatnya, dan yang lain meletakkannya ke tempat tidur. Melihat pemandangan itu Ia berkata kepada kusirNya: “Ada apa dengan orang itu? Matanya tidak seperti mata orang lain, kepalanya tidak seperti kepala orang lain.”
‘“Pangeran, itu adalah apa yang disebut orang sakit.” “Tetapi mengapa ia disebut orang sakit?”
‘“Pangeran, ia disebut demikian karena ia hampir tidak dapat sembuh dari penyakitnya.”
‘“Tetapi apakah Aku bisa sakit, dan tidak terbebas dari penyakit?” “Engkau dan aku, Pangeran, bisa sakit, dan tidak terbebas dari penyakit.”
‘“Baiklah, kusir, kembalilah sekarang ke istana.” Sesampainya di istana, Pangeran Vipassī merasa sedih dan patah hati, Ia meratap: “Sungguh menyakitkan kelahiran ini, karena bagi mereka yang dilahirkan, pasti mengalami penyakit!”
‘Kemudian Raja Bandhumā memanggil sang kusir, yang menceritakan apa yang terjadi.
Kemudian Raja memberikan lebih banyak lagi lima kenikmatan-indria kepada Pangeran Vipassī, agar Ia kelak memerintah kerajaan dan tidak meninggalkan kehidupan rumah tangga dan menjalani kehidupan tanpa rumah …
‘Setelah beberapa ratus dan beberapa ribu tahun berlalu Pangeran Vipassī memerintahkan kusirNya untuk membawaNya ke taman-rekreasi
‘Dan ketika Ia sedang berada dalam perjalanan menuju taman-rekreasi, Pangeran Vipassī melihat kerumunan besar, berpakaian berwarna-warni, dan membawa tandu jenazah. Melihat pemandangan itu ia berkata kepada kusirnya: “Apa yang dilakukan orang-orang itu?” “Pangeran, itu adalah apa yang disebut orang mati.” “Bawa Aku ke tempat orang mati tersebut.” “Baik, Pangeran”, jawab sang kusir dan melakukan apa yang diperintahkan. Dan Pangeran Vipassī menatap mayat orang mati tersebut. Kemudian Ia berkata kepada sang kusir: “Mengapa ia disebut orang mati?”
“Pangeran, ia disebut orang mati karena sekarang orangtuanya dan sanak saudaranya tidak akan melihatnya lagi, dan sebaliknya.”
“Tetapi, apakah Aku akan mengalami kematian, tidak terbebas dari kematian?”
“Engkau dan aku, Pangeran, pasti mengalami kematian, tidak terbebas darinya.”
“Baiklah, kusir, taman rekreasi sudah cukup untuk hari ini. Kembalilah ke istana … Sesampainya di istana, Pangeran Vipassī merasa sedih dan patah hati, ia meratap: “Sungguh menyakitkan kelahiran ini, karena bagi mereka yang dilahirkan, kematian pasti terjadi!”
‘Kemudian Raja Bandhumā memanggil sang kusir, yang menceritakan apa yang terjadi.
Kemudian Raja memberikan lebih banyak lagi lima kenikmatan-indria …
‘Setelah beberapa ratus dan beberapa ribu tahun berlalu Pangeran Vipassī memerintahkan kusirNya untuk membawaNya ke taman-rekreasi
‘Dan ketika Ia sedang berada dalam perjalanan menuju taman-rekreasi, Pangeran Vipassī melihat seorang gundul, seorang yang meninggalkan keduniawian, mengenakan jubah kuning. Dan Ia berkata kepada kusirnya: “Ada apa dengan orang itu? Kepalanya tidak seperti kepala orang lain, dan pakaiannya tidak seperti pakaian orang lain.”
“Pangeran, ia disebut seorang yang telah meninggalkan keduniawian.” “Mengapa ia disebut seorang yang telah meninggalkan keduniawian?”
“Pangeran, yang dimaksud dengan seorang yang telah meninggalkan keduniawian adalah seorang yang sungguh-sungguh mengikuti Dhamma, yang sungguh-sungguh hidup dalam ketenangan, melakukan perbuatan baik, melakukan kebajikan, tidak melukai dan sungguh-sungguh berbelas kasih terhadap makhluk-makhluk hidup.”
“Kusir, ia tepat sekali disebut sebagai seorang yang telah meninggalkan keduniawian … bawa Aku kepadanya.” “Baik, Pangeran”, jawab si kusir dan melakukan apa yang diperintahkan. Dan Pangeran Vipassī menanyai orang yang telah meninggalkan keduniawian tersebut.
“Pangeran, sebagai seorang yang telah meninggalkan keduniawian aku sungguh-sungguh mengikuti Dhamma … dan berbelas kasih terhadap makhluk-makhluk hidup.” “Engkau memang tepat sekali disebut sebagai seorang yang telah meninggalkan keduniawian …”
‘Kemudian Pangeran Vipassī berkata kepada kusirNya: “Engkau bawalah kereta itu dan kembalilah ke istana. Tetapi aku akan tinggal di sini dan mencukur rambut dan janggutKu, mengenakan jubah kuning, dan meninggalkan keduniawian dan menjalani kehidupan tanpa rumah.” “Baik, Pangeran”, jawab sang kusir, dan kembali ke istana. Dan Pangeran Vipassī, mencukur rambut dan janggutNya dan mengenakan jubah kuning, pergi meninggalkan kehidupan rumah tangga dan menjalani kehidupan tanpa rumah.
‘Dan sekelompok besar orang dari ibukota kerajaan, Bandhumatī, delapan puluh empat ribu orang, mendengar bahwa Pangeran Vipasi telah meninggalkan keduniawian dan menjalani kehidupan tanpa rumah. Dan mereka berpikir: “Ini tentu bukan ajaran dan disiplin biasa, bukan pelepasan biasa, yang karenanya Pangeran Vipassī mencukur rambut dan janggutnya, mengenakan jubah kuning dan meninggalkan kehidupan rumah tangga dan menjalani kehidupan tanpa rumah. Jika Sang Pangeran bisa melakukan hal itu, mengapa kita tidak?” Dan demikianlah, para bhikkhu, sekelompok besar orang berjumlah delapan puluh empat ribu, mencukur rambut dan janggut mereka dan mengenakan jubah kuning, mengikuti Bodhisatta Vipassī menjalani kehidupan tanpa rumah, dan dengan para pengikutnya ini Sang Bodhisatta melakukan perjalanan melewati desa-desa, pemukiman-pemukimn dan kota-kota.
‘Kemudian Bodhisatta Vipassī, setelah pergi ke tempat sunyi, muncul pikiran: “Tidaklah pantas bagiKu untuk hidup bersama-sama sekelompok besar orang seperti ini. Aku harus menetap sendirian, terasing diri dari kerumunan ini.” Maka tidak lama kemudian Ia meninggalkan kerumunan itu dan menetap sendirian. Delapan puluh empat orang mengambil satu arah, Sang Bodhisatta mengambil arah lainnya.
‘Kemudian, ketika Sang Bodhisatta telah memasuki tempat pengasingannya sendirian, di tempat yang sunyi, ia berpikir: “Dunia ini, aduh!, dalam keadaan yang sangat menyedihkan: ada kelahiran dan kerusakan, ada kematian dan terjatuh dalam kondisi-kondisi lainnya dan terlahir kembali. Dan tidak seorangpun yang mengetahui jalan membebaskan diri dari penderitaan ini, penuaan dan kematian ini. Kapankah kebebasan dari penderitaan ini, dari penuaan dan kematian ini ditemukan?”
‘Dan kemudian, para bhikkhu, Sang Bodhisatta berpikir: “Dengan apakah yang ada, maka penuaan-dan-kematian terjadi? Apakah yang mengkondisikan penuaan-dan-kematian?” Dan kemudian, para bhikkhu, sebagai akibat dari kebijaksanaan yang muncul dari perenungan mendalam, realisasi muncul dalam diriNya: “Karena kelahiranada, maka penuaan-dan-kematian terjadi, kelahiran mengkondisikan penuaan-dan-kematian.”
‘Kemudian ia berpikir: “Apakah yang mengkondisikan kelahiran?” dan realisasi muncul padanya: “Penjelmaan mengkondisikan kelahiran” … “Apakah yang mengkondisikan penjelmaan?” … “Kemelekatan mengkondisikan penjelmaan” … “Ketagihan mengkondisikan kemelekatan” … “Perasaan mengkondisikan ketagihan” … “Kontak mengkondisikan perasaan” … “Enam landasan indria mengkondisikan kontak” … “Batin-dan-jasmani mengkondisikan enam-landasan-indria” … “Kesadaran mengkondisikan batin-dan-jasmani” … Dan kemudian, para bhikkhu, Bodhisatta Vipassī berpikir: “Dengan apakah yang ada, yang mengakibatkan kesadaran terjadi? Apakah yang mengkondisikan kesadaran?” Dan kemudian, sebagai akibat dari kebijaksanaan yang muncul dari perenungan mendalam, realiasai muncul padaNya: “Batin-dan-jasmani mengkondisikan kesadaran”.
‘Kemudian, para bhikkhu, Bodhisatta Vipassī berpikir: “Kesadaran ini kembali kepada batin-dan-jasmani, tidak pergi lebih jauh lagi. Hingga sejauh ini ada kelahiran dan kerusakan, ada kematian dan terjatuh dalam kondisi-kondisi lainnya dan kelahirn kembali, yaitu: Batin-dan-jasmani mengkondisikan kesadaran dan kesadaran mengkondisikan batin-dan-jasmani, batin-dan-jasmani mengkondisikan enam-landasan-indria, enam-landasan-indria mengkondisikan kontak, kontak mengkondisikan perasaan, perasaan mengkondisikan ketagihan, ketagihan mengkondisikan kemelekatan, kemelekatan mengkondisikan penjelmaan, penjelmaan mengkondisikan kelahiran, kelahiran mengkondisikan penuaan-dan-kematian, dukacita, ratapan, kesakitan, kesedihan dan kesusahan. Dan demikianlah keseluruhan penderitaan ini berasal-mula.” Dan pada pikiran: “Asal-mula, asal-mula”, muncullah dalam diri Bodhisatta Vipassī, pandangan terang ke dalam hal-hal yang belum pernah dicapai sebelumnya, pengetahuan, kebijaksanaan, kesadaran, dan cahaya.
‘Kemudian Ia berpikir: “Dengan tidak adanya apakah maka penuaan-dan-kematian tidak terjadi? Dengan lenyapnya apakah maka penuaan-dan-kematian lenyap?” Dan kemudian, sebagai akibat dari kebijaksanaan yang muncul dari perenungan mendalam, realisasi muncul padaNya: “Dengan tidak adanya kelahiran maka penuaan-dan-kematian tidak terjadi. Dengan lenyapnya kelahiran maka penuaan-dan-kematian lenyap” … “Dengan lenyapnya apakah maka kelahiran lenyap?” “Dengan lenyapnya penjelmaan maka kelahiran lenyap” … “Dengan lenyapnya kemelekatan maka penjelmaan lenyap” … “Dengan lenyapnya ketagihan maka kemelekatan lenyap” … “Dengan lenyapnya perasaan maka ketagihan lenyap” … “Dengan lenyapnya kontak maka perasaan lenyap” … “Dengan lenyapnya enam-landasan-indria maka kontak lenyap” … “Dengan lenyapnya batin-dan-jasmani maka enam-landasan-indria lenyap” … “Dengan lenyapnya kesadaran maka batin-dan-jasmani lenyap” …“Dengan lenyapnya batin-dan-jasmani maka kesadaran lenyap.”
‘Kemudian Bodhisatta Vipassī berpikir: “Aku telah menemukan jalan pandangan terang (vipassanà) menuju pencerahan, yaitu:
“Dengan lenyapnya batin-dan-jasmani maka kesadaran lenyap, dengan lenyapnya kesadaran makan batin-dan-jasmani lenyap; dengan lenyapnya batin-dan-jasmani maka enam-landasan-indria lenyap; dengan lenyapnya enam-landasan-indria maka kontak lenyap; dengan lenyapnya kontak maka perasaan lenyap; dengan lenyapnya perasaan maka ketagihan lenyap; dengan lenyapnya ketagihan maka kemelekatan lenyap; dengan lenyapnya kemelekatan maka penjelmaan lenyap; dengan lenyapnya penjelmaan maka kelahiran lenyap; dengan lenyapnya kelahiran maka penuaan-dan-kematian, dukacita, ratapan, kesakitan, kesedihan dan kesusahan lenyap. Dan demikianlah keseluruhan penderitaan itu lenyap.” Dan pada pikiran: “Lenyapnya, lenyapnya”, muncullah dalam diri Bodhisatta Vipassī, pandangan terang ke dalam hal-hal yang belum pernah dicapai sebelumnya, pengetahuan, kebijaksanaan, kesadaran, dan cahaya.
‘Kemudian, para bhikkhu, pada kesempatan lain Bodhisatta Vipassī berdiam merenungkan muncul dan lenyapnya lima kelompok unsur kemelekatan: “Demikianlah jasmani ini, demikianlah munculnya, demikianlah lenyapnya; demikianlah perasaan …; demikianlah persepsi …; demikianlah bentukan-bentukan pikiran …; demikianlah kesadaran, demikianlah munculnya, demikianlah lenyapnya.” Dan sewaktu ia merenungkan muncul dan lenyapnya lima kelompok unsur kemelekatan, tidak lama kemudian pikirannya bebas dari kekotoran tanpa sisa.
Akhir dari bagian pembacaan kedua
‘Kemudian, para bhikkhu, Sang Bhagavā, Sang Arahant, Buddha Vipassī yang telah mencapai penerangan sempurna berpikir: “Bagaimana jika Aku mengajarkan Dhamma?” Dan kemudian ia berpikir: “Aku telah menembus Dhamma ini yang sangat dalam, sulit dilihat, sulit ditangkap, damai, luhur, melampaui logika, halus, untuk dipahami oleh para bijaksana. Tetapi generasi ini bersenang dalam kemelekatan, bergembira di dalamnya dan bersukaria di dalamnya. Tetapi bagi mereka yang bergembira, senang dan bersukaria di dalam kemelekatan, hal ini sulit dilihat, yaitu, sifat keterkondisian dari segala sesuatu, atau asal-mula yang bergantungan. Sama sulitnya dengan melihat bagaimana menenangkan bentukan-bentukan pikiran, meninggalkan semua endapan kelahiran kembali, meluruhnya ketagihan, kebosanan, lenyapnya dan Nibbāna. Dan jika Aku mengajarkan Dhamma kepada orang lain dan mereka tidak memahamiKu, itu hanya akan melelahkan dan menyulitkanKu saja.”
‘Dan dalam diri Buddha Vipassī, muncul syair berikut ini secara spontan, yang tidak pernah terdengar sebelumnya:
“Ini yang telah Kucapai, mengapakah harus Kuajarkan?
Mereka yang penuh nafsu dan kebencian tidak akan mampu menangkapnya
Dhamma ini mengarah ke atas, yang halus, dalam
Sulit dilihat, tidak ada seorangpun dari mereka yang dibutakan oleh nafsu dapat melihatnya.”
‘Sewaktu Buddha Vipassī merenungkan demikian, pikiranNya cenderung pada tidak berbuat apa-apa daripada mengajarkan Dhamma. Dan, para bhikkhu, pikiran Buddha Vipassī diketahui oleh Mahā Brahma tertentu. Dan ia berpikir: “Aduh!, dunia akan binasa, akan hancur karena pikiran Vipassī, Sang Bhagavā, Sang Arahant, Buddha yang telah mencapai penerangan sempurna cenderung pada tidak berbuat apa-apa daripada mengajarkan Dhamma!”
‘Maka Mahā Brahmā ini, secepat seorang kuat merentangkan tangannya, atau melipatnya lagi, lenyap dari alam Brahmā dan muncul kembali di hadapan Buddha Vipassī. Merapikan jubahnya di bahunya dan berlutut dengan lutut kanannya, ia memberi hormat kepada Buddha Vipassī dengan merangkapkan tangannya dan berkata: “Bhagavā, sudilah Bhagavā mengajarkan Dhamma, sudilah Yang Sempurna menempuh Sang Jalan mengajarkan Dhamma! Ada makhluk-makhluk dengan sedikit debu di mata mereka yang akan binasa karena tidak mendengar Dhamma; mereka dapat memahami Dhamma!”
‘Kemudian Buddha Vipassī menjelaskan (seperti paragraf 1–2 sebelumnya) Mengapa Ia cenderung tidak melakukan apa-apa daripada mengajarkan Dhamma.
‘Dan Sang Mahā Brahmā memohon untuk kedua dan ketiga kalinya kepada Sang Buddha Vipassī untuk mengajarkan … Kemudian Sang Buddha Vipassī, mempertimbangkan permohonan Sang Brahmā dan tergerak oleh belas kasihNya terhadap makhluk-makhluk, memeriksa dunia ini dengan mata-Buddha. Dan Beliau melihat makhluk-makhluk dengan sedikit debu di mata mereka dan banyak debu, yang berindria tajam dan tumpul, berwatak baik dan buruk, yang mudah dan sulit diajari, dan beberapa dari mereka hidup dalam perasaan takut akan pelanggaran dan takut akan alam kelahiran berikutnya. Dan bagaikan di sebuah kolam, terdapat bunga seroja biru, merah atau putih yang muncul dalam air, tumbuh dalam air, dan, tanpa meninggalkan air, berkembang dalam air; beberapa tumbuh dalam air dan mencapai permukaan; sedangkan beberapa tumbuh dalam air dan, setelah mencapai permukaan, berkembang di luar air dan tidak dikotori olehnya, demikianlah, para bhikkhu, Budha Vipassī, memeriksa dunia ini dengan mata-Buddha, melihat makhluk-makhluk dengan sedikit debu di mata mereka …
‘Kemudian, mengetahui pikiranNya, Mahā Brahmā berkata kepada Buddha Vipassī dalam syair berikut:
“Bagaikan dari atas puncak-gunung, seorang pengamat memperhatikan orang-orang di bawah,
Demikian pula, Sang Bijaksana, melihat semuanya, melihat kebawah dari ketinggian Dhamma!
Bebas dari kesengsaraan, melihat mereka yang tenggelam dalam kesedihan, diserang oleh kelahiran dan penuaaan.
Bangkitlah, pahlawan, pemenang dalam pertempuran, pemimpin pengembara, lewatilah dunia!
Ajarkanlah, O Bhagavā, Dhamma, dan mereka akan memahami.”
Dan Buddha Vipassī menjawab Mahā Brahmā dalam syair:
“Terbukalah bagi mereka pintu tanpa-kematian!
Semoga mereka yang mendengarkan sekarang mengembangkan keyakinan.
Karena takut akan kesulitan Aku tidak mengajarkan
Dhamma yang mulia bagi manusia, Brahmā!”
Kemudian Mahā Brahmā, berpikir: “Aku telah menyebabkan Buddha Vipassī membabarkan Dhamma,” bersujud kepada Sang Buddha, dan, berbalik dengan sisi kanan menghadap Sang Buddha, dan lenyap dari sana.
‘Kemudian Buddha Vipassī berpikir: “Kepada siapakah pertama kali Aku mengajarkan Dhamma ini? Siapakah yang dapat dengan cepat memahaminya?” Kemudian Beliau berpikir: “Ada Khaṇḍa, putra Raja dan Tissa, putra Brahmana kerajaan , yang menetap di ibukota Bandhumatī. Mereka bijaksana, terpelajar, berpengalaman, dan sejak lama memiliki sedikit debu di mata mereka. Jika Aku sekarang mengajarkan Dhamma terlebih dulu kepada Khaṇḍa dan Tissa, mereka akan memahaminya dengan cepat.” Dan demikianlah, Buddha Vipassī, secepat seorang kuat merentangkan tangannya, atau melipatnya lagi, lenyap dari bawah pohon pencerahan, dan muncul kembali di ibukota kerajaan Bandhumatī, di taman rusa Khema.
‘Dan Sang Buddha Vipassī berkata kepada penjaga-taman: “Penjaga, pergilah ke Bandhumatī dan katakan kepada Pangeran Khaṇḍa dan putra Brahmana kerajaan, Tissa: ‘Tuan-Tuanku, Sang Bhagavā Vipassī, Sang Arahant, Buddha yang telah mencapai Penerangan Sempurna, telah datang ke Bandhumatī di taman-rusa Khema. Beliau ingin bertemu dengan kalian.’”
“Baiklah, Bhagavā”, jawab si penjaga-taman, dan pergi menyampaikan pesan.
‘Kemudian Khaṇḍa dan Tissa, setelah mempersiapkan kereta yang bagus, berkendara keluar dari Bandhumatī menuju taman rusa Khema. Mereka berkendara sejauh yang dimungkinkan oleh kereta kemudian turun dan melanjutkan dengan berjalan kaki hingga tiba di tempat Sang Buddha Vipassī. Ketika mereka sampai, mereka bersujud kepada Beliau dan duduk di satu sisi.
‘Dan Buddha Vipassī membabarkan khotbah bertingkat tentang kedermawanan, tentang moralitas dan tentang surga, menunjukkan bahaya, penurunan dan kekotoran dari kenikmatan-indria, dan manfaat dari meninggalkan keduniawian. Dan ketika Buddha Vipassī mengetahui bahwa pikiran Khaṇḍa dan Tissa telah siap, lunak, bebas dari rintangan, gembira dan tenang, kemudian Beliau membabarkan khotbah istimewa para Buddha secara ringkas: tentang penderitaan, tentang asal-mulanya, lenyapnya, dan sang jalan. Dan bagaikan kain yang bersih yang semua nodanya telah dihilangkan akan dapat diwarnai dengan sempurna, demikian pula Pangeran Khaṇḍa dan Tissa, putra Brahmana kerajaan, saat mereka duduk di sana, muncul mata-Dhamma yang murni dan tanpa noda, dan mereka mengetahui: “Segala sesuatu yang mempunyai asal-mula pasti akan lenyap.”
‘Dan mereka, setelah melihat, mencapai, mengalami dan menembus Dhamma, setelah melampaui keragu-raguan, setelah mendapatkan keyakinan sempurna dalam ajaran Sang Guru tanpa bergantung pada yang lain, berkata: ‘Sungguh indah, Bhagavā, sungguh menakjubkan! Bagaikan seseorang yang menegakkan apa yang terbalik, atau menunjukkan jalan bagi ia yang tersesat, atau menyalakan pelita di dalam gelap, sehingga mereka yang memiliki mata dapat melihat apa yang ada di sana. Demikian pula Bhagavā telah membabarkan Dhamma dalam berbagai cara. Kami berlindung pada Bhagavā, dan kepada Dhamma. Semoga kami menerima pelepasan keduniawian dari Sang Bhagavā, semoga kami menerima penahbisan!”
‘Dan demikianlah Pangeran Khaṇḍa dan Tissa putra Brahmana kerajaan menerima pelepasan keduniawian di tangan Sang Bhagavā, dan mereka menerima penahbisan. Kemudian Buddha Vipassī memberikan instruksi dengan khotbah Dhamma, menginspirasi mereka, memicu semangat mereka dan menggembirakan mereka, menunjukkan bahaya, penurunan dan kekotoran dari segala sesuatu yang berkondisi dan manfaat dari Nibbāna. Dan karena terinspirasi, terpicu semangatnya dan gembira mendengar khotbah ini, tidak lama kemudian pikiran mereka terbebas dari kekotoran tanpa sisa.
‘Dan kelompok besar berjumlah delapan puluh empat ribu orang dari Bandhumatī mendengar bahwa Buddha Vipassī sedang berada di taman rusa Khema, dan bahwa Khaṇḍa dan Tissa telah mencukur rambut dan janggut mereka, mengenakan jubah kuning, dan pergi meninggalkan kehidupan rumah tangga dan menjalani kehidupan tanpa rumah. Dan mereka berpikir: “Ini pasti bukan ajaran dan disiplin biasa … yang karenanya Pangeran Khaṇḍa dan Tissa putera Brahmana kerajaan meninggalkan kehidupan rumah tangga menuju kehidupan tanpa rumah. Jika mereka dapat melakukan hal ini di hadapan Buddha Vipassī, mengapa kita tidak?” Dan demikianlah kelompok besar delapan puluh empat ribu orang itu meninggalkan Bandhumatī menuju taman-rusa Khema di mana Buddha Vipassī berada. Ketika mereka sampai di sana, mereka bersujud kepada Beliau dan duduk di satu sisi.
‘Dan Buddha Vipassī membabarkan khotbah bertingkat tentang kedermawanan, tentang moralitas dan tentang surga, menunjukkan bahaya, penurunan dan kekotoran dari kenikmatan-indria, dan manfaat dari meninggalkan keduniawian. Dan bagaikan kain yang bersih … dapat diwarnai dengan sempurna, demikian pula dalam diri delapan puluh empat ribu orang itu, saat mereka duduk di sana, muncul mata-Dhamma yang murni dan tanpa noda, dan mereka mengetahui: “Segala sesuatu yang mempunyai asal-mula pasti akan lenyap.”
(seperti paragraf 12)
‘Dan demikianlah delapan puluh empat ribu orang itu menerima pelepasan keduniawian dari Sang Bhagavā, dan mereka menerima penahbisan. Kemudian Buddha Vipassī memberikan instruksi dengan khotbah Dhamma … (seperti paragraf 13) dan tidak lama kemudian pikiran mereka terbebas dari kekotoran tanpa sisa.
‘Kemudian kelompok pertama yang berjumlah delapan puluh empat ribu orang yang telah meninggalkan keduniawian mendengar: “Buddha Vipassī telah datang ke Bandhumatī dan berada di taman-rusa Khema, mengajarkan Dhamma.”
‘Dan semuanya terjadi seperti sebelumnya … Dan tidak lama kemudian pikiran mereka terbebas dari kekotoran tanpa sisa.
‘Dan pada saat itu, di ibukota kerajaan Bandhumatī, ada kelompok besar berjumlah enam juta delapan ratus ribu bhikkhu. Dan ketika Buddha Vipassī masuk ke dalam keterasingan, Ia berpikir: “Sekarang ada kelompok besar para bhikkhu di ibukota. Bagaimana jika Aku memberikan izin kepada mereka: ‘Mengembaralah, para bhikkhu, demi kebaikan banyak makhluk, demi kebahagiaan banyak makhluk, karena belas kasihan terhadap dunia, demi kesejahteraan dan kebahagiaan para dewa dan manusia. Jangan pergi berdua, para bhikkhu, tetapi ajarkanlah Dhamma yang indah di awal, indah di pertengahan, dan indah di akhir, dalam kata dan maknanya, dan tunjukkanlah kehidupan suci secara lengkap dan sempurna. Ada makhluk-makhluk dengan sedikit debu di mata mereka yang akan binasa karena tidak mendengar Dhamma: mereka akan memahami Dhamma. Tetapi di akhir dari tepat enam tahun, kalian harus datang bersama-sama ke ibukota Bandhumatī, untuk membacakan peraturan-peraturan disiplin.’”
‘Kemudian satu Mahā Brahmā, mengetahui pikiran Buddha Vipassī, secepat seorang kuat merentangkan tangannya, atau melipatnya lagi, lenyap dari alam Brahmā dan muncul kembali di hadapan Buddha Vipassī. Merapikan jubahnya di bahunya dan memberi hormat kepada Buddha Vipassī dengan merangkapkan tangannya dan berkata: “Demikianlah, O Bhagavā, demikianlah, O Yang Sempurna menempuh Sang Jalan! Izinkanlah kelompok besar ini pergi mengembara demi kebaikan banyak makhluk … karena belas kasihan terhadap dunia … Ada makhluk-makhluk dengan sedikit debu di mata mereka yang akan binasa karena tidak mendengar Dhamma: mereka akan memahami Dhamma. Dan kami juga akan melakukan hal yang sama seperti para bhikkhu: di akhir dari enam tahun kami akan datang bersama-sama ke ibukota Bandhumatī untuk membacakan peraturan disiplin.”
‘Setelah mengatakan demikian, Brahmā itu bersujud kepada Sang Buddha, berbalik dengan sisi kanannya menghadap Sang Buddha, kemudian lenyap dari sana.
‘Demikianlah Buddha Vipassī, keluar dari keterasinganNya selama waktu istirahat, memberitahu para bhikkhu tentang apa yang Beliau pikirkan.
‘“Aku mengizinkan kalian, para bhikkhu, untuk mengembara demi kebaikan banyak orang, demi kesejahteraan dan kebahagiaan para dewa dan manusia. Jangan pergi berduaan, para bhikkhu, tetapi ajarkanlah Dhamma yang indah di awal, indah di pertengahan dan indah di akhir, dalam kata dan maknanya, dan perlihatkanlah kehidupan suci yang lengkap dan sempurna. Ada makhluk-makhluk dengan sedikit debu di mata mereka yang akan binasa karena tidak mendengarkan Dhamma: mereka akan memahami Dhamma. Tetapi pada akhir dari enam tahun tepat kalian harus datang bersamaan ke ibu kota Bandhumatī untuk membacakan peraturan disiplin.” Dan sebagian besar dari para bhikkhu tersebut pergi pada hari itu juga mengembara di seluruh negeri.
‘Pada waktu itu terdapat delapan puluh empat ribu tempat kediaman religius di Jambudipa. Dan di akhir dari tahun pertama, para dewa berseru: “Tuan-tuan, satu tahun telah berlalu, lima tahun lagi. Di akhir dari lima tahun lagi kalian harus kembali ke Bandhumatī untuk membacakan peraturan disiplin”, dan hal yang serupa terjadi di akhir tahun ke dua, ke tiga, ke empat, ke lima. Dan ketika enam tahun telah berlalu, para dewa mengumumkan: “Tuan-tuan, enam tahun telah berlalu, sekarang waktunya untuk pergi ke ibu kota Bandhumatī untuk membacakan peraturan disiplin!” Dan para bhikkhu tersebut, beberapa dengan kekuatan batinnya sendiri dan beberapa dengan bantuan para dewa, semuanya dalam satu hari datang ke Bandhumatī untuk membacakan peraturan disiplin.
‘Dan kemudian Buddha Vipassī memberikan peraturan berikut kepada kelompok para bhikkhu:
“Kesabaran adalah pengorbanan tertinggi,
Nibbāna adalah yang tertinggi, demikianlah yang disabdakan oleh para Buddha.
Ia yang masih menyakiti makhluk lain bukanlah ‘seorang yang telah meninggalkan keduniawian’,
Ia yang melukai makhluk lain bukanlah seorang petapa.Tidak melakukan kejahatan, namun melakukan kebaikan,
Mensucikan pikiran, inilah yang diajarkan para Buddha.Tidak menghina, tidak mencelakai, mengendalikan diri sesuai peraturan,
Makan secukupnya, menetap dalam pengasingan,
Menekuni pikiran tinggi, inilah yang diajarkan para Buddha.”
‘Suatu ketika, para bhikkhu, Aku sedang menetap di Ukkaṭṭhā di hutan Subhaga di bawah pohon-sāl besar. Dan ketika Aku berdiam di sana, Aku berpikir: “Tidak ada alam makhluk-makhluk yang dengan mudah dapat Kucapai yang belum Kukunjungi sedemikian lama seperti para dewa di Alam Murni. Bagaimana jika Aku mengunjunginya sekarang?” Dan kemudian, secepat seorang kuat merentangkan tangannya, atau melipatnya lagi, Aku lenyap dari Ukkaṭṭhā dan muncul di antara para dewa Aviha. Dan beberapa ribu dari mereka mendekatiKu, memberi hormat dan berdiri di satu sisi. Kemudian mereka berkata: “Tuan , sudah sembilan puluh satu kappa berlalu sejak Buddha Vipassī muncul di dunia ini.
‘“Buddha Vipassī terlahir dari kasta Khattiya, dan dibesarkan dalam keluarga Khattiya. Beliau berasal dari suku Koṇḍañña. Pada masaNya, umur kehidupan manusia adalah delapan puluh ribu tahun. Beliau mencapai penerangan sempurna di bawah pohon bunga-trompet; Ia memiliki sepasang siswa utama Khaṇḍa dan Tissa; Beliau memiliki tiga kelompok siswa: satu terdiri dari enam juta delapan ratus ribu, satu terdiri dari seratus ribu, dan satu terdiri dari delapan puluh ribu bhikkhu, semuanya Arahant; pelayan pribadiNya adalah Bhikkhu Asoka, ayahNya adalah Raja Bandhumā, ibuNya adalah Ratu Bandhumatī, dan ibu kota kerajaan ayahnya adalah Bandhumatī. Pelepasan keduniawian Buddha Vipassī adalah seperti ini, pertapaanNya adalah seperti ini, usahaNya adalah seperti ini, Penerangan SempurnaNya adalah seperti ini; pemutaran rodaNya adalah seperti ini.
‘“Dan kami, Tuan, yang menjalani kehidupan suci di bawah Buddha Vipassī, setelah membebaskan diri dari kenikmatan-indria, kami muncul di sini.”
‘Demikian pula beberapa ribu dewa datang … (merujuk pada cerita yang serupa atas Buddha Sikhī dan para Buddha lainnya seperti paragraf 1.12). Mereka berkata: “Tuan, dalam kappa yang menguntungkan ini Sang Buddha telah muncul di dunia. Beliau terlahir dari kasta Khattiya …; Beliau bermarga Gotama; pada masaNya, umur kehidupan manusia sangat singkat, terbatas dan cepat berlalu; jarang ada yang hidup hingga umur seratus tahun. Beliau mencapai penerangan sempurna di bawah pohon assattha; Beliau memiliki sepasang siswa utama, Sāriputta dan Moggallāna; Beliau memiliki sekelompok siswa berjumlah seribu dua ratus lima puluh bhikkhu yang semuanya adalah Arahant; pelayan pribadiNya adalah Ānanda; ayahNya adalah Raja Suddhodana, ibuNya adalah Ratu Māyā, dan ibu kota kerajaannya adalah Kapilavatthu. Pelepasan keduniawianNya adalah seperti ini, pertapaanNya adalah seperti ini, usahaNya adalah seperti ini, penerangan sempurnaNya adalah seperti ini; pemutaran rodaNya adalah seperti ini. Dan kami, Tuan, yang menjalani kehidupan suci di bawah Bhagavā, setelah membebaskan diri dari kenikmatan-indria, muncul di sini.”
‘Kemudian Aku bersama para dewa Aviha pergi mengunjungi para dewa Atapa, dan bersama mereka Aku pergi mengunjungi para dewa Sudassa, dan bersama mereka Aku pergi mengunjungi para dewa Sudassī, dan bersama semua dewa ini Aku pergi mengunjungi para dewa Akaniṭṭha. Dan di sana beberapa ribu dewa mendekatiKu, memberi hormat dan berdiri di satu sisi. Kemudian mereka berkata: “Tuan, sudah sembilan puluh satu kappa berlalu sejak Buddha Vipassī muncul di dunia ini …” (seperti paragraf 29–30).
‘Dan demikianlah, para bhikkhu, dengan penembusan dasar-dasar Dhamma, Sang Tathāgata mengingat para Buddha masa lampau yang telah mencapai Nibbāna akhir, memotong berbagai macam kelahiran , pergi ke tempat yang belum pernah dikunjungi oleh siapapun, memadamkan lingkaran, telah melewati semua penderitaan; Beliau mengingat kelahiran-kelahiran Mereka, nama Mereka, suku Mereka, umur kehidupan Mereka, sepasang siswa utama Mereka, kelompok-kelompok siswa Mereka: “Buddha ini terlahir begini, bernama ini, dari suku ini, demikianlah moralitasNya, DhammaNya, kebijaksanaanNya, tempat tinggalNya, demikianlah pembebasanNya.”’
Demikianlah Sang Bhagavā bercerita, dan para bhikkhu, merasa senang, gembira mendengar kata-kata Beliau.
- Long Discourses 14
The Great Discourse on the Harvest of Deeds
1. On Past Lives
So I have heard. At one time the Buddha was staying near Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s monastery, in the hut by the kari tree.
Then after the meal, on return from almsround, several senior mendicants sat together in the pavilion by the kari tree and this Dhamma talk on the subject of past lives came up among them, “So it was in a past life; such it was in a past life.”
With clairaudience that is purified and superhuman, the Buddha heard that discussion among the mendicants. So he got up from his seat and went to the pavilion, where he sat on the seat spread out and addressed the mendicants, “Mendicants, what were you sitting talking about just now? What conversation was unfinished?”
The mendicants told him what had happened, adding, “This is the conversation that was unfinished when the Buddha arrived.”
“Would you like to hear a Dhamma talk on the subject of past lives?”
“Now is the time, Blessed One! Now is the time, Holy One! Let the Buddha give a Dhamma talk on the subject of past lives. The mendicants will listen and remember it.”
“Well then, mendicants, listen and pay close attention, I will speak.”
“Yes, sir,” they replied. The Buddha said this:
“Ninety-one eons ago, the Buddha Vipassī arose in the world, perfected and fully awakened. Thirty-one eons ago, the Buddha Sikhī arose in the world, perfected and fully awakened. In the same thirty-first eon, the Buddha Vessabhū arose in the world, perfected and fully awakened. In the present fortunate eon, the Buddhas Kakusandha, Koṇāgamana, and Kassapa arose in the world, perfected and fully awakened. And in the present fortunate eon, I have arisen in the world, perfected and fully awakened.
The Buddhas Vipassī, Sikhī, and Vessabhū were born as aristocrats into aristocrat families. The Buddhas Kakusandha, Koṇāgamana, and Kassapa were born as brahmins into brahmin families. I was born as an aristocrat into an aristocrat family.
Koṇḍañña was the clan of Vipassī, Sikhī, and Vessabhū. Kassapa was the clan of Kakusandha, Koṇāgamana, and Kassapa. Gotama is my clan.
Vipassī lived for 80,000 years. Sikhī lived for 70,000 years. Vessabhū lived for 60,000 years. Kakusandha lived for 40,000 years. Koṇāgamana lived for 30,000 years. Kassapa lived for 20,000 years. For me these days the life-span is short, brief, and fleeting. A long-lived person lives for a century or a little more.
Vipassī was awakened at the root of a trumpet flower tree. Sikhī was awakened at the root of a white-mango tree. Vessabhū was awakened at the root of a sal tree. Kakusandha was awakened at the root of an acacia tree. Koṇāgamana was awakened at the root of a cluster fig tree. Kassapa was awakened at the root of a banyan tree. I was awakened at the root of a peepul tree.
Vipassī had a fine pair of chief disciples named Khaṇḍa and Tissa. Sikhī had a fine pair of chief disciples named Abhibhū and Sambhava. Vessabhū had a fine pair of chief disciples named Soṇa and Uttara. Kakusandha had a fine pair of chief disciples named Vidhura and Sañjīva. Koṇāgamana had a fine pair of chief disciples named Bhiyyosa and Uttara. Kassapa had a fine pair of chief disciples named Tissa and Bhāradvāja. I have a fine pair of chief disciples named Sāriputta and Moggallāna.
Vipassī had three gatherings of disciples—one of 6,800,000, one of 100,000, and one of 80,000—all of them mendicants who had ended their defilements.
Sikhī had three gatherings of disciples—one of 100,000, one of 80,000, and one of 70,000—all of them mendicants who had ended their defilements.
Vessabhū had three gatherings of disciples—one of 80,000, one of 70,000, and one of 60,000—all of them mendicants who had ended their defilements.
Kakusandha had one gathering of disciples—40,000 mendicants who had ended their defilements.
Koṇāgamana had one gathering of disciples—30,000 mendicants who had ended their defilements.
Kassapa had one gathering of disciples—20,000 mendicants who had ended their defilements.
I have had one gathering of disciples—1,250 mendicants who had ended their defilements.
Vipassī had as chief attendant a mendicant named Asoka. Sikhī had as chief attendant a mendicant named Khemaṅkara. Vessabhū had as chief attendant a mendicant named Upasanta. Kakusandha had as chief attendant a mendicant named Buddhija. Koṇāgamana had as chief attendant a mendicant named Sotthija. Kassapa had as chief attendant a mendicant named Sabbamitta. I have as chief attendant a mendicant named Ānanda.
Vipassī’s father was King Bandhuma, his birth mother was Queen Bandhumatī, and their capital city was named Bandhumatī.
Sikhī’s father was King Aruṇa, his birth mother was Queen Pabhāvatī, and their capital city was named Aruṇavatī.
Vessabhū’s father was King Suppatīta, his birth mother was Queen Vassavatī, and their capital city was named Anoma.
Kakusandha’s father was the brahmin Aggidatta, and his birth mother was the brahmin lady Visākhā. At that time the king was Khema, whose capital city was named Khemavatī.
Koṇāgamana’s father was the brahmin Yaññadatta, and his birth mother was the brahmin lady Uttarā. At that time the king was Sobha, whose capital city was named Sobhavatī.
Kassapa’s father was the brahmin Brahmadatta, and his birth mother was the brahmin lady Dhanavatī. At that time the king was Kikī, whose capital city was named Benares.
In this life, my father was King Suddhodana, my birth mother was Queen Māyā, and our capital city was Kapilavatthu.”
That is what the Buddha said. When he had spoken, the Holy One got up from his seat and entered his dwelling.
Soon after the Buddha left, those mendicants discussed among themselves:
“It’s incredible, reverends, it’s amazing, the power and might of a Realized One! For he is able to recollect the caste, names, clans, life-span, chief disciples, and gatherings of disciples of the Buddhas of the past who have become completely extinguished, cut off proliferation, cut off the track, finished off the cycle, and transcended suffering. He knows the caste they were born in, and also their names, clans, conduct, qualities, wisdom, meditation, and freedom.
Is it because the Realized One has clearly comprehended the principle of the teachings that he can recollect all these things? Or did deities tell him?” But this conversation among those mendicants was left unfinished.
Then in the late afternoon, the Buddha came out of retreat and went to the pavilion by the kari tree, where he sat on the seat spread out and addressed the mendicants, “Mendicants, what were you sitting talking about just now? What conversation was unfinished?”
The mendicants told him what had happened, adding, “This was our conversation that was unfinished when the Buddha arrived.”
“It is because the Realized One has clearly comprehended the principle of the teachings that he can recollect all these things. And the deities also told me.
Would you like to hear a further Dhamma talk on the subject of past lives?”
“Now is the time, Blessed One! Now is the time, Holy One! Let the Buddha give a further Dhamma talk on the subject of past lives. The mendicants will listen and remember it.”
“Well then, mendicants, listen and pay close attention, I will speak.”
“Yes, sir,” they replied. The Buddha said this:
“Ninety-one eons ago, the Buddha Vipassī arose in the world, perfected and fully awakened. He was born as an aristocrat into an aristocrat family. His clan was Koṇḍañña. He lived for 80,000 years. He was awakened at the root of a trumpet flower tree. He had a fine pair of chief disciples named Khaṇḍa and Tissa. He had three gatherings of disciples—one of 6,800,000, one of 100,000, and one of 80,000—all of them mendicants who had ended their defilements. He had as chief attendant a mendicant named Asoka. His father was King Bandhuma, his birth mother was Queen Bandhumatī, and their capital city was named Bandhumatī.
2. What’s Normal For One Intent on Awakening
When Vipassī, the being intent on awakening, passed away from the host of Joyful Gods, he was conceived in his mother’s womb, mindful and aware. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening passes away from the host of Joyful Gods, he is conceived in his mother’s womb. And then—in this world with its gods, Māras and Brahmās, this population with its ascetics and brahmins, gods and humans—an immeasurable, magnificent light appears, surpassing the glory of the gods. Even in the boundless desolation of interstellar space—so utterly dark that even the light of the moon and the sun, so mighty and powerful, makes no impression—an immeasurable, magnificent light appears, surpassing the glory of the gods. And the sentient beings reborn there recognize each other by that light: ‘So, it seems other sentient beings have been reborn here!’ And this galaxy shakes and rocks and trembles. And an immeasurable, magnificent light appears in the world, surpassing the glory of the gods. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening is conceived in his mother’s belly, four gods approach to guard the four directions, so that no human or non-human or anyone at all shall harm the being intent on awakening or his mother. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening is conceived in his mother’s belly, she becomes naturally ethical. She refrains from killing living creatures, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and alcoholic drinks that cause negligence. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening is conceived in his mother’s belly, she no longer feels sexual desire for men, and she cannot be violated by a man of lustful intent. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening is conceived in his mother’s belly, she obtains the five kinds of sensual stimulation and amuses herself, supplied and provided with them. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening is conceived in his mother’s belly, no afflictions beset her. She’s happy and free of bodily fatigue. And she sees the being intent on awakening in her womb, complete with all his various parts, not deficient in any faculty. Suppose there was a beryl gem that was naturally beautiful, eight-faceted, well-worked, transparent, clear, and unclouded, endowed with all good qualities. And it was strung with a thread of blue, yellow, red, white, or golden brown. And someone with good eyesight were to take it in their hand and examine it: ‘This beryl gem is naturally beautiful, eight-faceted, well-worked, transparent, clear, and unclouded, endowed with all good qualities. And it’s strung with a thread of blue, yellow, red, white, or golden brown.’
In the same way, when the being intent on awakening is conceived in his mother’s belly, no afflictions beset her. She’s happy and free of bodily fatigue. And she sees the being intent on awakening in her womb, complete with all his various parts, not deficient in any faculty. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, seven days after the being intent on awakening is born, his mother passes away and is reborn in the host of Joyful Gods. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, while other women carry the infant in the womb for nine or ten months before giving birth, not so the mother of the being intent on awakening. She gives birth after exactly ten months. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, while other women give birth while sitting or lying down, not so the mother of the being intent on awakening. She only gives birth standing up. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening emerges from his mother’s womb, gods receive him first, then humans. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening emerges from his mother’s womb, before he reaches the ground, four gods receive him and place him before his mother, saying: ‘Rejoice, O Queen! An illustrious child is born to you.’ This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening emerges from his mother’s womb, he emerges already clean, unsoiled by waters, mucus, blood, or any other kind of impurity, pure and clean. Suppose a jewel-treasure was placed on a cloth from Kāsī. The jewel would not soil the cloth, nor would the cloth soil the jewel. Why is that? Because of the cleanliness of them both.
In the same way, when the being intent on awakening emerges from his mother’s womb, he emerges already clean, unsoiled by waters, mucus, blood, or any other kind of impurity, pure and clean. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening emerges from his mother’s womb, two streams of water appear in the sky, one cool, one warm, for bathing the being intent on awakening and his mother. This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, as soon as he’s born, the being intent on awakening stands firm with his own feet on the ground. Facing north, he takes seven strides with a white parasol held above him, surveys all quarters, and makes this dramatic proclamation: ‘I am the foremost in the world! I am the eldest in the world! I am the first in the world! This is my last rebirth. Now there are no more future lives.’ This is normal in such a case.
It’s normal that, when the being intent on awakening emerges from his mother’s womb, then—in this world with its gods, Māras and Brahmās, this population with its ascetics and brahmins, gods and humans—an immeasurable, magnificent light appears, surpassing the glory of the gods. Even in the boundless desolation of interstellar space—so utterly dark that even the light of the moon and the sun, so mighty and powerful, makes no impression—an immeasurable, magnificent light appears, surpassing the glory of the gods. And the sentient beings reborn there recognize each other by that light: ‘So, it seems other sentient beings have been reborn here!’ And this galaxy shakes and rocks and trembles. And an immeasurable, magnificent light appears in the world, surpassing the glory of the gods. This is normal in such a case.
3. The Thirty-Two Marks of a Great Man
When Prince Vipassī was born, they announced it to King Bandhuma, ‘Sire, your son is born! Let your majesty examine him!’ When the king had examined the prince, he had the brahmin soothsayers summoned and said to them, ‘Gentlemen, please examine the prince.’ When they had examined him they said to the king, ‘Rejoice, O King! An illustrious son is born to you. You are fortunate, so very fortunate, to have a son such as this born in this family! For the prince has the thirty-two marks of a great man. A great man who possesses these has only two possible destinies, no other. If he stays at home he becomes a king, a wheel-turning monarch, a just and principled king. His dominion extends to all four sides, he achieves stability in the country, and he possesses the seven treasures. He has the following seven treasures: the wheel, the elephant, the horse, the jewel, the woman, the treasurer, and the counselor as the seventh treasure. He has over a thousand sons who are valiant and heroic, crushing the armies of his enemies. After conquering this land girt by sea, he reigns by principle, without rod or sword. But if he goes forth from the lay life to homelessness, he becomes a perfected one, a fully awakened Buddha, who draws back the veil from the world.
And what are the marks which he possesses? After conquering this land girt by sea, he reigns by principle, without rod or sword.
He has well-planted feet.
On the soles of his feet there are thousand-spoked wheels, with rims and hubs, complete in every detail.
He has projecting heels.
He has long fingers.
His hands and feet are tender.
His hands and feet cling gracefully.
His feet are arched.
His calves are like those of an antelope.
When standing upright and not bending over, the palms of both hands touch the knees.
His private parts are covered in a foreskin.
He is gold colored; his skin has a golden sheen.
He has delicate skin, so delicate that dust and dirt don’t stick to his body.
His hairs grow one per pore.
His hairs stand up; they’re blue-black and curl clockwise.
His body is as straight as Brahmā’s.
He has bulging muscles in seven places.
His chest is like that of a lion.
The gap between the shoulder-blades is filled in.
He has the proportional circumference of a banyan tree: the span of his arms equals the height of his body.
His torso is cylindrical.
He has an excellent sense of taste.
His jaw is like that of a lion.
He has forty teeth.
His teeth are even.
His teeth have no gaps.
His teeth are perfectly white.
He has a large tongue.
He has the voice of Brahmā, like a cuckoo’s call.
His eyes are deep blue.
He has eyelashes like a cow’s.
Between his eyebrows there grows a tuft, soft and white like cotton-wool.
His head is shaped like a turban.
These are the thirty-two marks of a great man that the prince has. A great man who possesses these has only two possible destinies, no other. If he stays at home he becomes a king, a wheel-turning monarch. But if he goes forth from the lay life to homelessness, he becomes a perfected one, a fully awakened Buddha, who draws back the veil from the world.’
4. How He Came to be Known as Vipassī
Then King Bandhuma had the brahmin soothsayers dressed in fresh clothes and satisfied all their needs. Then the king appointed nurses for Prince Vipassī. Some suckled him, some bathed him, some held him, and some carried him on their hip. From when he was born, a white parasol was held over him night and day, with the thought, ‘Don’t let cold, heat, grass, dust, or damp bother him.’ He was dear and beloved by many people, like a blue water lily, or a pink or white lotus. He was always passed from hip to hip.
From when he was born, his voice was charming, graceful, sweet, and lovely. It was as sweet as the song of a cuckoo-bird found in the Himalayas.
From when he was born, Prince Vipassī had the power of clairvoyance which manifested as a result of past deeds. He could see for a league all around both by day and by night.
And he was unblinkingly watchful, like the gods of the Thirty-Three. And because it was said that he was unblinkingly watchful, he came to be known as ‘Vipassī’.
Then while King Bandhuma was sitting in judgment, he’d sit Prince Vipassī in his lap and explain the case to him. And sitting there in his father’s lap, Vipassī would thoroughly consider the case and draw a conclusion using a logical procedure. So this was all the more reason for him to be known as ‘Vipassī’.
Then King Bandhuma had three stilt longhouses built for him—one for the winter, one for the summer, and one for the rainy season, and provided him with the five kinds of sensual stimulation. Prince Vipassī stayed in a stilt longhouse without coming downstairs for the four months of the rainy season, where he was entertained by musicians—none of them men.
5. The Old Man
Then, after many thousand years had passed, Prince Vipassī addressed his charioteer, ‘My dear charioteer, harness the finest chariots. We will go to a park and see the scenery.’
‘Yes, sir,’ replied the charioteer. He harnessed the chariots and informed the prince, ‘Sire, the finest chariots are harnessed. Please go at your convenience.’ Then Prince Vipassī mounted a fine carriage and, along with other fine carriages, set out for the park.
Along the way he saw an elderly man, bent double, crooked, leaning on a staff, trembling as he walked, ailing, past his prime. He addressed his charioteer, ‘My dear charioteer, what has that man done? For his hair and his body are unlike those of other men.’
‘That, Your Majesty, is called an old man.’
‘But why is he called an old man?’
‘He’s called an old man because now he has not long to live.’
‘But my dear charioteer, am I liable to grow old? Am I not exempt from old age?’
‘Everyone is liable to grow old, Your Majesty, including you. No-one is exempt from old age.’
‘Well then, my dear charioteer, that’s enough of the park for today. Let’s return to the royal compound.’
‘Yes, Your Majesty,’ replied the charioteer and did so.
Back at the royal compound, the prince brooded, miserable and sad: ‘Damn this thing called rebirth, since old age will come to anyone who’s born.’
Then King Bandhuma summoned the charioteer and said, ‘My dear charioteer, I hope the prince enjoyed himself at the park? I hope he was happy there?’
‘No, Your Majesty, the prince didn’t enjoy himself at the park.’
‘But what did he see on the way to the park?’ And the charioteer told the king about seeing the old man and the prince’s reaction.
6. The Sick Man
Then King Bandhuma thought, ‘Prince Vipassī must not renounce the throne. He must not go forth from the lay life to homelessness. And the words of the brahmin soothsayers must not come true.’ To this end he provided the prince with even more of the five kinds of sensual stimulation, with which the prince amused himself.
Then, after many thousand years had passed, Prince Vipassī had his charioteer drive him to the park once more.
Along the way he saw a man who was ill, suffering, gravely ill, collapsed in his own urine and feces, being picked up by some and put down by others. He addressed his charioteer, ‘My dear charioteer, what has that man done? For his eyes and his voice are unlike those of other men.’
‘That, Your Majesty, is called a sick man.’
‘But why is he called a sick man?’
‘He’s called an sick man; hopefully he will recover from that illness.’
‘But my dear charioteer, am I liable to fall sick? Am I not exempt from sickness?’
‘Everyone is liable to fall sick, Your Majesty, including you. No-one is exempt from sickness.’
‘Well then, my dear charioteer, that’s enough of the park for today. Let’s return to the royal compound.’
‘Yes, Your Majesty,’ replied the charioteer and did so.
Back at the royal compound, the prince brooded, miserable and sad: ‘Damn this thing called rebirth, since old age and sickness will come to anyone who’s born.’
Then King Bandhuma summoned the charioteer and said, ‘My dear charioteer, I hope the prince enjoyed himself at the park? I hope he was happy there?’
‘No, Your Majesty, the prince didn’t enjoy himself at the park.’
‘But what did he see on the way to the park?’ And the charioteer told the king about seeing the sick man and the prince’s reaction.
7. The Dead Man
Then King Bandhuma thought, ‘Prince Vipassī must not renounce the throne. He must not go forth from the lay life to homelessness. And the words of the brahmin soothsayers must not come true.’ To this end he provided the prince with even more of the five kinds of sensual stimulation, with which the prince amused himself.
Then, after many thousand years had passed, Prince Vipassī had his charioteer drive him to the park once more.
Along the way he saw a large crowd gathered making a bier out of garments of different colors. He addressed his charioteer, ‘My dear charioteer, why is that crowd making a bier?’
‘That, Your Majesty, is for someone who’s departed.’
‘Well then, drive the chariot up to the departed.’
‘Yes, Your Majesty,’ replied the charioteer, and did so.
When the prince saw the corpse of the departed, he addressed the charioteer, ‘But why is he called departed?’
‘He’s called departed because now his mother and father, his relatives and kin shall see him no more, and he shall never again see them.’
‘But my dear charioteer, am I liable to die? Am I not exempt from death? Will the king and queen and my other relatives and kin see me no more? And shall I never again see them?’
‘Everyone is liable to die, Your Majesty, including you. No-one is exempt from death. The king and queen and your other relatives and kin shall see you no more, and you shall never again see them.’
‘Well then, my dear charioteer, that’s enough of the park for today. Let’s return to the royal compound.’
‘Yes, Your Majesty,’ replied the charioteer and did so.
Back at the royal compound, the prince brooded, miserable and sad: ‘Damn this thing called rebirth, since old age, sickness, and death will come to anyone who’s born.’
Then King Bandhuma summoned the charioteer and said, ‘My dear charioteer, I hope the prince enjoyed himself at the park? I hope he was happy there?’
‘No, Your Majesty, the prince didn’t enjoy himself at the park.’
‘But what did he see on the way to the park?’ And the charioteer told the king about seeing the dead man and the prince’s reaction.
8. The Renunciate
Then King Bandhuma thought, ‘Prince Vipassī must not renounce the throne. He must not go forth from the lay life to homelessness. And the words of the brahmin soothsayers must not come true.’ To this end he provided the prince with even more of the five kinds of sensual stimulation, with which the prince amused himself.
Then, after many thousand years had passed, Prince Vipassī had his charioteer drive him to the park once more.
Along the way he saw a man, a renunciate with shaven head, wearing an ocher robe. He addressed his charioteer, ‘My dear charioteer, what has that man done? For his head and his clothes are unlike those of other men.’
‘That, Your Majesty, is called a renunciate.’
‘But why is he called a renunciate?’
‘He is called a renunciate because he celebrates principled and fair conduct, skillful actions, good deeds, harmlessness, and compassion for living creatures.’
‘Then I celebrate the one called a renunciate, who celebrates principled and fair conduct, skillful actions, good deeds, harmlessness, and compassion for living creatures! Well then, drive the chariot up to that renunciate.’
‘Yes, Your Majesty,’ replied the charioteer, and did so.
Then Prince Vipassī said to that renunciate, ‘My good man, what have you done? For your head and your clothes are unlike those of other men.’
‘Sire, I am what is called a renunciate.’
‘But why are you called a renunciate?’
‘I am called a renunciate because I celebrate principled and fair conduct, skillful actions, good deeds, harmlessness, and compassion for living creatures.’
‘Then I celebrate the one called a renunciate, who celebrates principled and fair conduct, skillful actions, good deeds, harmlessness, and compassion for living creatures!’
9. The Going Forth
Then the prince addressed the charioteer, ‘Well then, my dear charioteer, take the chariot and return to the royal compound. I shall shave off my hair and beard right here, dress in ocher robes, and go forth from the lay life to homelessness.’
‘Yes, Your Majesty,’ replied the charioteer and did so.
Then Prince Vipassī shaved off his hair and beard, dressed in ocher robes, and went forth from the lay life to homelessness.
10. A Great Crowd Goes Forth
A large crowd of 84,000 people in the capital of Bandhumatī heard that Vipassī had gone forth. It occurred to them, ‘This must be no ordinary teaching and training, no ordinary going forth in which Prince Vipassī has gone forth. If even the prince goes forth, why don’t we do the same?’
Then that great crowd of 84,000 people shaved off their hair and beard, dressed in ocher robes, and followed the one intent on awakening, Vipassī, by going forth from the lay life to homelessness. Escorted by that assembly, Vipassī wandered on tour among the villages, towns, and capital cities.
Then as he was in private retreat this thought came to his mind, ‘It’s not appropriate for me to live in a crowd. Why don’t I live alone, withdrawn from the group?’ After some time he withdrew from the group to live alone. The 84,000 went one way, but Vipassī went another.
11. Vipassī’s Reflections
Then as Vipassī, the one intent on awakening, was in private retreat this thought came to his mind, ‘Alas, this world has fallen into trouble. It’s born, grows old, dies, passes away, and is reborn, yet it doesn’t understand how to escape from this suffering, from old age and death. Oh, when will an escape be found from this suffering, from old age and death?’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what exists is there old age and death? What is a condition for old age and death?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When rebirth exists there’s old age and death. Rebirth is a condition for old age and death.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what exists is there rebirth? What is a condition for rebirth?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When continued existence exists there’s rebirth. Continued existence is a condition for rebirth.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what exists is there continued existence? What is a condition for continued existence?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When grasping exists there’s continued existence. Grasping is a condition for continued existence.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what exists is there grasping? What is a condition for grasping?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When craving exists there’s grasping. Craving is a condition for grasping.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what exists is there craving? What is a condition for craving?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When feeling exists there’s craving. Feeling is a condition for craving.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what exists is there feeling? What is a condition for feeling?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When contact exists there’s feeling. Contact is a condition for feeling.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what exists is there contact? What is a condition for contact?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When the six sense fields exist there’s contact. The six sense fields are a condition for contact.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what exists are there the six sense fields? What is a condition for the six sense fields?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When name and form exist there are the six sense fields. Name and form are a condition for the six sense fields.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what exists are there name and form? What is a condition for name and form?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When consciousness exists there are name and form. Consciousness is a condition for name and form.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what exists is there consciousness? What is a condition for consciousness?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When name and form exist there’s consciousness. Name and form are a condition for consciousness.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘This consciousness turns back from name and form, and doesn’t go beyond that.’ It is to this extent that one may be reborn, grow old, die, pass away, or reappear. That is: Name and form are conditions for consciousness. Consciousness is a condition for name and form. Name and form are conditions for the six sense fields. The six sense fields are conditions for contact. Contact is a condition for feeling. Feeling is a condition for craving. Craving is a condition for grasping. Grasping is a condition for continued existence. Continued existence is a condition for rebirth. Rebirth is a condition for old age and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, sadness, and distress to come to be. That is how this entire mass of suffering originates.’
‘Origination, origination.’ Such was the vision, knowledge, wisdom, realization, and light that arose in Vipassī, the one intent on awakening, regarding teachings not learned before from another.
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what doesn’t exist is there no old age and death? When what ceases do old age and death cease?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When rebirth doesn’t exist there’s no old age and death. When rebirth ceases, old age and death cease.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what doesn’t exist is there no rebirth? When what ceases does rebirth cease?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When continued existence doesn’t exist there’s no rebirth. When continued existence ceases, rebirth ceases.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what doesn’t exist is there no continued existence? When what ceases does continued existence cease?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When grasping doesn’t exist there’s no continued existence. When grasping ceases, continued existence ceases.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what doesn’t exist is there no grasping? When what ceases does grasping cease?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When craving doesn’t exist there’s no grasping. When craving ceases, grasping ceases.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what doesn’t exist is there no craving? When what ceases does craving cease?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When feeling doesn’t exist there’s no craving. When feeling ceases, craving ceases.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what doesn’t exist is there no feeling? When what ceases does feeling cease?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When contact doesn’t exist there’s no feeling. When contact ceases, feeling ceases.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what doesn’t exist is there no contact? When what ceases does contact cease?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When the six sense fields don’t exist there’s no contact. When the six sense fields cease, contact ceases.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what doesn’t exist are there no six sense fields? When what ceases do the six sense fields cease?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When name and form don’t exist there are no six sense fields. When name and form cease, the six sense fields cease.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what doesn’t exist are there no name and form? When what ceases do name and form cease?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When consciousness doesn’t exist there are no name and form. When consciousness ceases, name and form cease.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘When what doesn’t exist is there no consciousness? When what ceases does consciousness cease?’ Then, through proper attention, Vipassī comprehended with wisdom, ‘When name and form don’t exist there’s no consciousness. When name and form cease, consciousness ceases.’
Then Vipassī thought, ‘I have discovered the path to awakening. That is: When name and form cease, consciousness ceases. When consciousness ceases, name and form cease. When name and form cease, the six sense fields cease. When the six sense fields cease, contact ceases. When contact ceases, feeling ceases. When feeling ceases, craving ceases. When craving ceases, grasping ceases. When grasping ceases, continued existence ceases. When continued existence ceases, rebirth ceases. When rebirth ceases, old age and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, sadness, and distress cease. That is how this entire mass of suffering ceases.’
‘Cessation, cessation.’ Such was the vision, knowledge, wisdom, realization, and light that arose in Vipassī, the one intent on awakening, regarding teachings not learned before from another.
Some time later Vipassī meditated observing rise and fall in the five grasping aggregates. ‘Such is form, such is the origin of form, such is the ending of form. Such is feeling, such is the origin of feeling, such is the ending of feeling. Such is perception, such is the origin of perception, such is the ending of perception. Such are choices, such is the origin of choices, such is the ending of choices. Such is consciousness, such is the origin of consciousness, such is the ending of consciousness.’ Meditating like this his mind was soon freed from defilements by not grasping.
12. The Appeal of Brahmā
Then the Blessed One Vipassī, the perfected one, the fully awakened Buddha, thought, ‘Why don’t I teach the Dhamma?’
Then he thought, ‘This principle I have discovered is deep, hard to see, hard to understand, peaceful, sublime, beyond the scope of logic, subtle, comprehensible to the astute. But people like attachment, they love it and enjoy it. It’s hard for them to see this thing; that is, specific conditionality, dependent origination. It’s also hard for them to see this thing; that is, the stilling of all activities, the letting go of all attachments, the ending of craving, fading away, cessation, extinguishment. And if I were to teach the Dhamma, others might not understand me, which would be wearying and troublesome for me.’
And then these verses, which were neither supernaturally inspired, nor learned before in the past, occurred to him:
‘I’ve struggled hard to realize this,enough with trying to explain it!This teaching is not easily understoodby those mired in greed and hate.
Those besotted by greed can’t seewhat’s subtle, going against the stream,deep, hard to see, and very fine,for they’re shrouded in a mass of darkness.’
So, as the Buddha Vipassī reflected like this, his mind inclined to remaining passive, not to teaching the Dhamma.
Then a certain Great Brahmā, knowing what the Buddha Vipassī was thinking, thought, ‘Oh my goodness! The world will be lost, the world will perish! For the mind of the Blessed One Vipassī, the perfected one, the fully awakened Buddha, inclines to remaining passive, not to teaching the Dhamma.’ Then, as easily as a strong person would extend or contract their arm, he vanished from the Brahmā realm and reappeared in front of the Buddha Vipassī. He arranged his robe over one shoulder, knelt on his right knee, raised his joined palms toward the Buddha Vipassī, and said, ‘Sir, let the Blessed One teach the Dhamma! Let the Holy One teach the Dhamma! There are beings with little dust in their eyes. They’re in decline because they haven’t heard the teaching. There will be those who understand the teaching!’
When he said this, the Buddha Vipassī said to him, ‘I too thought this, Brahmā, “Why don’t I teach the Dhamma?” Then it occurred to me, “If I were to teach the Dhamma, others might not understand me, which would be wearying and troublesome for me.”
So, as I reflected like this, my mind inclined to remaining passive, not to teaching the Dhamma.’
For a second time, and a third time that Great Brahmā begged the Buddha to teach.
Then, understanding Brahmā’s invitation, the Buddha Vipassī surveyed the world with the eye of a Buddha, because of his compassion for sentient beings. And he saw sentient beings with little dust in their eyes, and some with much dust in their eyes; with keen faculties and with weak faculties, with good qualities and with bad qualities, easy to teach and hard to teach. And some of them lived seeing the danger in the fault to do with the next world, while others did not. It’s like a pool with blue water lilies, or pink or white lotuses. Some of them sprout and grow in the water without rising above it, thriving underwater. Some of them sprout and grow in the water reaching the water’s surface. And some of them sprout and grow in the water but rise up above the water and stand with no water clinging to them.
In the same way, the Buddha Vipassī saw sentient beings with little dust in their eyes, and some with much dust in their eyes.
Then that Great Brahmā, knowing what the Buddha Vipassī was thinking, addressed him in verse:
‘Standing high on a rocky mountain,you can see the people all around.In just the same way, all-seer, wise one,having ascended the Temple of Truth,rid of sorrow, look upon the peopleswamped with sorrow, oppressed by rebirth and old age.
Rise, hero! Victor in battle, leader of the caravan,wander the world without obligation.Let the Blessed One teach the Dhamma!There will be those who understand!’
Then the Buddha Vipassī addressed that Great Brahmā in verse:
‘Flung open are the doors to the deathless!Let those with ears to hear commit to faith.Thinking it would be troublesome, Brahmā, I did not teachthe sophisticated, sublime Dhamma among humans.’
Then the Great Brahmā, knowing that his request for the Buddha Vipassī to teach the Dhamma had been granted, bowed and respectfully circled him, keeping him on his right, before vanishing right there.
13. The Chief Disciples
Then the Blessed One Vipassī, the perfected one, the fully awakened Buddha, thought, ‘Who should I teach first of all? Who will quickly understand this teaching?’ Then he thought, ‘That Khaṇḍa, the king’s son, and Tissa, the high priest’s son, are astute, competent, clever, and have long had little dust in their eyes. Why don’t I teach them first of all? They will quickly understand this teaching.’
Then, as easily as a strong person would extend or contract their arm, he vanished from the tree of awakening and reappeared near the capital city of Bandhumatī, in the deer park named Sanctuary.
Then the Buddha Vipassī addressed the park keeper, ‘My dear park keeper, please enter the city and say this to the king’s son Khaṇḍa and the high priest’s son Tissa: “Sirs, the Blessed One Vipassī, the perfected one, the fully awakened Buddha, has arrived at Bandhumatī and is staying in the deer park named Sanctuary. He wishes to see you.”’
‘Yes, sir,’ replied the park keeper, and did as he was asked.
Then the king’s son Khaṇḍa and the high priest’s son Tissa had the finest carriages harnessed. Then they mounted a fine carriage and, along with other fine carriages, set out from Bandhumatī for the Sanctuary. They went by carriage as far as the terrain allowed, then descended and approached the Buddha Vipassī on foot. They bowed and sat down to one side.
The Buddha Vipassī taught them step by step, with a talk on giving, ethical conduct, and heaven. He explained the drawbacks of sensual pleasures, so sordid and corrupt, and the benefit of renunciation. And when he knew that their minds were ready, pliable, rid of hindrances, elated, and confident he explained the special teaching of the Buddhas: suffering, its origin, its cessation, and the path. Just as a clean cloth rid of stains would properly absorb dye, in that very seat the stainless, immaculate vision of the Dhamma arose in the king’s son Khaṇḍa and the high priest’s son Tissa: ‘Everything that has a beginning has an end.’
They saw, attained, understood, and fathomed the Dhamma. They went beyond doubt, got rid of indecision, and became self-assured and independent of others regarding the Teacher’s instructions. They said to the Buddha Vipassī, ‘Excellent, sir! Excellent! As if he were righting the overturned, or revealing the hidden, or pointing out the path to the lost, or lighting a lamp in the dark so people with good eyes can see what’s there, the Buddha has made the teaching clear in many ways. We go for refuge to the Blessed One and to the teaching. Sir, may we receive the going forth and ordination in the Buddha’s presence?’
And they received the going forth, the ordination in the Buddha Vipassī’s presence. Then the Buddha Vipassī educated, encouraged, fired up, and inspired them with a Dhamma talk. He explained the drawbacks of conditioned phenomena, so sordid and corrupt, and the benefit of extinguishment. Being taught like this their minds were soon freed from defilements by not grasping.
14. The Going Forth of the Large Crowd
A large crowd of 84,000 people in the capital of Bandhumatī heard that the Blessed One Vipassī, the perfected one, the fully awakened Buddha, had arrived at Bandhumatī and was staying in the deer park named Sanctuary. And they heard that the king’s son Khaṇḍa and the high priest’s son Tissa had shaved off their hair and beard, dressed in ocher robes, and gone forth from the lay life to homelessness in the Buddha’s presence. It occurred to them, ‘This must be no ordinary teaching and training, no ordinary going forth in which the king’s son Khaṇḍa and the high priest’s son Tissa have gone forth. If even they go forth, why don’t we do the same?’ Then those 84,000 people left Bandhumatī for the deer park named Sanctuary, where they approached the Buddha Vipassī, bowed and sat down to one side.
The Buddha Vipassī taught them step by step, with a talk on giving, ethical conduct, and heaven. He explained the drawbacks of sensual pleasures, so sordid and corrupt, and the benefit of renunciation. And when he knew that their minds were ready, pliable, rid of hindrances, elated, and confident he explained the special teaching of the Buddhas: suffering, its origin, its cessation, and the path. Just as a clean cloth rid of stains would properly absorb dye, in that very seat the stainless, immaculate vision of the Dhamma arose in those 84,000 people: ‘Everything that has a beginning has an end.’
They saw, attained, understood, and fathomed the Dhamma. They went beyond doubt, got rid of indecision, and became self-assured and independent of others regarding the Teacher’s instructions. They said to the Buddha Vipassī, ‘Excellent, sir! Excellent!’ And just like Khaṇḍa and Tissa they asked for and received ordination. Then the Buddha taught them further.
Being taught like this their minds were soon freed from defilements by not grasping.
15. The 84,000 Who Had Gone Forth Previously
The 84,000 people who had gone forth previously also heard: ‘It seems the Blessed One Vipassī, the perfected one, the fully awakened Buddha, has arrived at Bandhumatī and is staying in the deer park named Sanctuary. And he is teaching the Dhamma!’ Then they too went to see the Buddha Vipassī, realized the Dhamma, went forth, and became freed from defilements.
16. The Allowance to Wander
Now at that time a large Saṅgha of 6,800,000 mendicants were residing at Bandhumatī. As the Buddha Vipassī was in private retreat this thought came to his mind, ‘The Saṅgha residing at Bandhumatī now is large. What if I was to urge them:
“Wander forth, mendicants, for the welfare and happiness of the people, out of compassion for the world, for the benefit, welfare, and happiness of gods and humans. Let not two go by one road. Teach the Dhamma that’s good in the beginning, good in the middle, and good in the end, meaningful and well-phrased. And reveal a spiritual practice that’s entirely full and pure. There are beings with little dust in their eyes. They’re in decline because they haven’t heard the teaching. There will be those who understand the teaching! But when six years have passed, you must all come to Bandhumatī to recite the monastic code.”’
Then a certain Great Brahmā, knowing what the Buddha Vipassī was thinking, as easily as a strong person would extend or contract their arm, vanished from the Brahmā realm and reappeared in front of the Buddha Vipassī. He arranged his robe over one shoulder, raised his joined palms toward the Buddha Vipassī, and said, ‘That’s so true, Blessed One! That’s so true, Holy One! The Saṅgha residing at Bandhumatī now is large. Please urge them to wander, as you thought. And sir, I’ll make sure that when six years have passed the mendicants will return to Bandhumatī to recite the monastic code.’
That’s what that Great Brahmā said. Then he bowed and respectfully circled the Buddha Vipassī, keeping him on his right side, before vanishing right there.
Then in the late afternoon, the Buddha Vipassī came out of retreat and addressed the mendicants, telling them all that had happened. Then he said,
‘Wander forth, mendicants, for the welfare and happiness of the people, out of compassion for the world, for the benefit, welfare, and happiness of gods and humans. Let not two go by one road. Teach the Dhamma that’s good in the beginning, good in the middle, and good in the end, meaningful and well-phrased. And reveal a spiritual practice that’s entirely full and pure. There are beings with little dust in their eyes. They’re in decline because they haven’t heard the teaching. There will be those who understand the teaching! But when six years have passed, you must all come to Bandhumatī to recite the monastic code.’
Then most of the mendicants departed to wander the country that very day.
Now at that time there were 84,000 monasteries in India. And when the first year came to an end the deities raised the cry: ‘Good sirs, the first year has ended. Now five years remain. When five years have passed, you must all go to Bandhumatī to recite the monastic code.’
And when the second year … the third year … the fourth year … the fifth year came to an end, the deities raised the cry: ‘Good sirs, the fifth year has ended. Now one year remains. When one year has passed, you must all go to Bandhumatī to recite the monastic code.’
And when the sixth year came to an end the deities raised the cry: ‘Good sirs, the sixth year has ended. Now is the time that you must go to Bandhumatī to recite the monastic code.’ Then that very day the mendicants went to Bandhumatī to recite the monastic code. Some went by their own psychic power, and some by the psychic power of the deities.
And there the Blessed One Vipassī, the perfected one, the fully awakened Buddha, recited the monastic code thus:
‘Patient acceptance is the ultimate austerity.Extinguishment is the ultimate, say the Buddhas.No true renunciate injures another,nor does an ascetic hurt another.
Not to do any evil;to embrace the good;to purify one’s mind:this is the instruction of the Buddhas.
Not speaking ill nor doing harm;restraint in the monastic code;moderation in eating;staying in remote lodgings;commitment to the higher mind—this is the instruction of the Buddhas.’
17. Being Informed by Deities
At one time, mendicants, I was staying near Ukkaṭṭhā, in the Subhaga Forest at the root of a magnificent sal tree. As I was in private retreat this thought came to mind, ‘It’s not easy to find an abode of sentient beings where I haven’t previously abided in all this long time, except for the gods of the pure abodes. Why don’t I go to see them?’
Then, as easily as a strong person would extend or contract their arm, I vanished from the Subhaga Forest and reappeared with the Aviha gods.
In that order of gods, many thousands, many hundreds of thousands of deities approached me, bowed, stood to one side, and said to me, ‘Ninety-one eons ago, good sir, the Buddha Vipassī arose in the world, perfected and fully awakened. He was born as an aristocrat into an aristocrat family. Koṇḍañña was his clan. He lived for 80,000 years. He was awakened at the root of a trumpet flower tree. He had a fine pair of chief disciples named Khaṇḍa and Tissa. He had three gatherings of disciples—one of 6,800,000, one of 100,000, and one of 80,000—all of them mendicants who had ended their defilements. He had as chief attendant a mendicant named Asoka. His father was King Bandhuma, his birth mother was Queen Bandhumatī, and their capital city was named Bandhumatī. And such was his renunciation, such his going forth, such his striving, such his awakening, and such his rolling forth of the wheel of Dhamma. And good sir, after leading the spiritual life under that Buddha Vipassī we lost our desire for sensual pleasures and were reborn here.’
And other deities came and similarly recounted the details of the Buddhas Sikhī, Vessabhū, Kakusandha, Koṇāgamana, and Kassapa.
In that order of gods, many hundreds of deities approached me, bowed, stood to one side, and said to me, ‘In the present fortunate eon, good sir, you have arisen in the world, perfected and fully awakened. You were born as an aristocrat into an aristocrat family. Gotama is your clan. For you the life-span is short, brief, and fleeting. A long-lived person lives for a century or a little more. You were awakened at the root of a peepul tree. You have a fine pair of chief disciples named Sāriputta and Moggallāna. You have had one gathering of disciples—1,250 mendicants who had ended their defilements. You have as chief attendant a mendicant named Ānanda. Your father was King Suddhodana, your birth mother was Queen Māyā, and your capital city was Kapilavatthu. And such was your renunciation, such your going forth, such your striving, such your awakening, and such your rolling forth of the wheel of Dhamma. And good sir, after leading the spiritual life under you we lost our desire for sensual pleasures and were reborn here.’
Then together with the Aviha gods I went to see the Atappa gods … the Gods Fair to See … and the Fair Seeing Gods. Then together with all these gods I went to see the Gods of Akaniṭṭha, where we had a similar conversation.
And that is how the Realized One is able to recollect the caste, names, clans, life-span, chief disciples, and gatherings of disciples of the Buddhas of the past who have become completely extinguished, cut off proliferation, cut off the track, finished off the cycle, and transcended suffering. It is both because I have clearly comprehended the principle of the teachings, and also because the deities told me.”
That is what the Buddha said. Satisfied, the mendicants were happy with what the Buddha said.